Gas chromatography

Japanese: ガスクロマトグラフィー - がすくろまとぐらふぃー(英語表記)gas chromatography
Gas chromatography

Gas-solid chromatography is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is gas, and gas-liquid chromatography is a type of chromatography in which the stationary phase is solid or liquid. It is widely used for the separation and quantification of gas samples, or liquid or solid samples that can be vaporized in a high-temperature sample chamber. A column (separation tube) is filled with solid powder impregnated with a thin film of non-volatile liquid, either an adsorbent solid powder or an inert solid with uniform particle size (a solid support that holds the liquid that becomes the stationary phase, and which itself does not adsorb various gases and has a large surface area) and placed in a thermostatic bath to maintain a constant temperature. Gas-solid chromatography uses the former, and gas-liquid chromatography uses the latter. An inert gas (carrier gas) such as helium or nitrogen is passed through a column filled with these packing materials, and a certain amount of sample is introduced into the flow in the gas phase. Each component in the sample moves through the column at a speed that depends on the vapor pressure of each component at the column temperature, the interaction with the packing material, and the flow rate of the carrier gas. If a stationary phase with suitable properties and a column of sufficient length are available, each component in the sample will be separated into two components and come out of the column outlet as a binary system with the carrier gas through the interaction between the two phases. The main interaction is adsorption between the gas-solid phase and distribution between the gas-liquid phase. The latter is expressed by Henry's law. Each component carried out from the outlet reaches a detector, where its amount is recorded on a recording paper. The resulting mountain-shaped pattern is called a chromatogram, and qualitative analysis is performed from its position, and quantitative analysis is performed from measuring its height or area. Stationary phase solids include alumina, silica gel, and activated carbon, while stationary phase liquids often include polyethylene glycol, paraffin, and silicone oil. Many types of detectors have been developed, including thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs) that utilize the difference in thermal conductivity depending on the type of gas, various ionization detectors that ionize the gas by mixing it with hydrogen and burning it or irradiating it with radiation, and record the current in an appropriate electric field, and so-called selective detectors that show unusually high sensitivity to certain components, such as electron capture detectors (ECDs) for electrophilic components including halogens and nitro groups, thermionic ionization detectors (FTDs) for organophosphorus compounds and nitrogen compounds, and flame photometric detectors (FPDs) for organophosphorus and sulfur. Because of the wide variety of detectors and their high sensitivity, the vapor pressure of the sample can be very low. This allows measurements of samples with fairly high boiling points.

[Takada Takeo]

"Gas Chromatography Methods" by Tsuguo Kojima et al. (1985, Kyoritsu Publishing)""Introduction to Gas Chromatography: Applications to Pharmacy, Medicine, and Agriculture" by Satoshi Kawai, revised and expanded edition (1987, Sankyo Publishing)""Introduction to Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography" edited by Kisaburo Samukawa and Naoki Oguri (1994, Gihodo Publishing)""Capillary Gas Chromatography" edited by the Gas Chromatography Research Roundtable of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry (1997, Asakura Publishing)"

[Reference] | Chromatography | Henry's Law
Basic configuration of gas chromatography
©Shogakukan ">

Basic configuration of gas chromatography


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

移動相が気体のクロマトグラフィーをいい、固定相が固体か液体かによってそれぞれを気‐固クロマトグラフィー、気‐液クロマトグラフィーとよんで区別する。気体の試料、あるいは高温試料室で気化できる液体または固体の試料の分離や定量に広く利用されている。カラム(分離管)には、吸着性固体粉末、あるいは均一な粒度をもった不活性な固体(固定相となる液体を保持するもので、これ自身は各種ガスに対し吸着能をもたず、表面積が大きいものが用いられる。担体solid supportという)に非揮発性液体を薄い膜として含浸させた固体粉末を詰め、それを恒温槽中に入れて一定温度に保つ。前者を利用するのが気‐固クロマトグラフィー、後者が気‐液クロマトグラフィーである。これらの充填(じゅうてん)物を詰めたカラムにヘリウム、窒素などのような不活性ガス(キャリヤーガス)を流しておき、その流れの中に一定量の試料を気相状態で導入する。試料中の各成分は、カラムの温度でのそれぞれの蒸気圧と充填物との相互作用、キャリヤーガスの流速に依存する速さでカラム中を移動する。適当な特性をもった固定相と十分な長さのカラムがあれば、両相の相互作用によって、試料中の各成分がキャリヤーガスとの二成分系として順次カラムの出口から各成分に分離されて出てくる。気‐固相間では吸着が、気‐液相間では分配がその相互作用のおもなものである。後者はヘンリーの法則で示される。出口から運び出された各成分は検出器に到達し、そこでその量が記録紙上に記録される。得られる山形の図形をクロマトグラムといい、その位置から定性分析を、高さあるいは面積の測定から定量分析を行う。固定相固体にはアルミナ、シリカゲル、活性炭などがあり、固定相液体にはポリエチレングリコール、パラフィン、シリコーン油などがよく用いられている。検出器には、気体の種類により熱伝導度の異なることを利用した熱伝導度検出器(TCD)や、流出ガスに水素を混ぜて燃焼させたり、あるいは放射線を照射してガスをイオン化し、適当な電界中での電流を記録する各種のイオン化検出器、また、ある特定成分に対して異常に高い感度を示すいわゆる選択的検出器、たとえばハロゲン、ニトロ基などを含む親電子成分に対する電子捕獲検出器(ECD)、有機リン化合物、窒素化合物に対する熱イオン化検出器(FTD)、有機リン、硫黄(いおう)に対する炎光光度検出器(FPD)など多くの種類が開発されている。このように検出器の種類が多く、感度も高いため、試料の蒸気圧は微少でよい。このため、かなり高沸点の試料まで測定できる。

[高田健夫]

『小島次雄他著『ガスクロマトグラフ法』(1985・共立出版)』『河合聡著『ガスクロマトグラフィ入門 薬学・医学・農学への応用』増補改訂版(1987・三共出版)』『寒川喜三郎・大栗直毅編著『熱分解ガスクロマトグラフィー入門』(1994・技報堂出版)』『日本分析化学会ガスクロマトグラフィー研究懇談会編『キャピラリーガスクロマトグラフィー』(1997・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | クロマトグラフィー | ヘンリーの法則
ガスクロマトグラフィーの基本構成例
©Shogakukan">

ガスクロマトグラフィーの基本構成例


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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