School extension - gakkoukaihou (English)

The opening of school facilities and educational opportunities to the general public, not just to enrolled students. The university expansion that began in the late 19th century in England meant that universities would go to local areas to give lectures, which led to the creation of new universities in local cities. Since then, universities have held courses and classes for the general public, and since the 1920s, more and more universities have established off-campus education departments and assigned full-time faculty members to adult education. In the United States, Scandinavian countries, and even countries under British influence, advanced learning opportunities for general adults in the form of liberal arts or specialized skills have been provided through the holding of public lectures and cultural events, permission to attend classes, publication of materials, correspondence courses, and broadcasting. In the United Kingdom and Scandinavian countries, there is a strong connection with the workers' education movement, while in the United States, there is a connection with agricultural improvement and extension work since the 19th century. In France, national universities have been required to open their doors since 1968. In many countries, public primary and secondary schools provide learning opportunities for adults.

In Japan, Waseda University has been engaged in correspondence education and traveling lectures since the Meiji era, but the national initiative began in 1919 (Taisho 8) with the opening of public lectures at schools directly under the control of the Ministry of Education. After World War II, in order to spread democracy and improve living standards, social studies classes were held in elementary and junior high schools, and cultural and specialized courses were held in high schools and universities. Later, due to changes in the industrial structure and other factors, there was a demand for schools to be opened even further, and national universities began to set up university education extension centers and lifelong learning education research centers, while private universities also established extension centers and many of them now hold open lectures such as open colleges. In addition, elementary and junior high schools are increasingly opening their schoolyards, gymnasiums, classrooms, etc. to the public, and an increasing number of high schools are holding open lectures.

[Uesugi Takazane]

"A Historical Study of the University Expansion Movement" by Tanaka Yukio (1978, Noma Educational Research Institute)" ▽ "Between School Education and Social Education - Creating a Lifelong Learning System" by Hirasawa Shigeru (ed.) (1990, Gyosei)" ▽ "Creating Facilities and Environments for Open Schools" by the Ministry of Education (1995, Educational Facilities Association)" ▽ "Higher Education and Lifelong Learning" by the Japan Society for the Study of Social Education (1998, Toyokan Publishing)" ▽ "Series on Educational Management 4: Educational Management in a Lifelong Learning Society" by the Japan Society for Educational Administration (2000, Tamagawa University Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

在籍する学生・生徒に限らず、一般市民に対し広く学校の施設や教育の機会を開放すること。19世紀後半にイギリスで始まった大学開放（大学拡張）は、大学が地方に出かけて講義を行うもので、以後地方都市に新しい大学を生み出すきっかけになったものである。以来、各大学で一般成人を対象とした講座・学級が開かれ、1920年代以後、構外教育部を設けて成人教育専任の教員を配置する大学が増えてくる。アメリカや北欧諸国、さらにイギリスの影響下にある国々でも、公開講座・文化的催しの開催、授業聴講許可、資料刊行、通信教育、放送などによって、一般成人に、教養上または専門技術習得上の高度な学習の機会を提供するようになる。イギリスや北欧諸国では、労働者教育運動との結び付きが強く、アメリカでは、19世紀以来の農業改良普及事業とのかかわりがみられる。フランスでは、68年から国立大学に大学開放を義務づけている。公立初等・中等学校が成人の学習機会を提供している国も多い。

　日本では、早稲田(わせだ)大学が明治期から通信教育や巡回講話会に取り組んでいるが、国の取組みとしては、1919年（大正8）に文部省の直轄学校で開くようになった公開講座が始まりである。第二次世界大戦後は、民主主義の普及や生活改善のため、小・中学校で社会学級、高等学校や大学で文化講座や専門講座が開かれた。その後、産業構造の変化などもあって、いっそうの学校開放が求められ、国立大学でも大学教育開放センターや生涯学習教育研究センターなどの設置が進み、私立大学でもエクステンションセンターなどを設けて、オープンカレッジなど公開講座を開くところが多くなっている。また、小・中学校の校庭・体育館・教室などの住民への開放も進み、高等学校で公開講座を設けるところも増えている。

［上杉孝實］

『田中征男著『大学拡張運動の歴史的研究』（1978・野間教育研究所）』▽『平沢茂編著『学校教育と社会教育の間――生涯学習体系の創造』（1990・ぎょうせい）』▽『文部省編『学校開放のための施設・環境づくり』（1995・文教施設協会）』▽『日本社会教育学会編『高等教育と生涯学習』（1998・東洋館出版社）』▽『日本教育経営学会編『シリーズ教育の経営4　生涯学習社会における教育経営』（2000・玉川大学出版部）』

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