A procedure aimed at resolving disputes in family matters through the agreement of the parties (petitioner and opposing party) through the mediation of a conciliation committee established in the family court or a judge. [Toshiaki Ito, May 19, 2016] PurposeFamily relationships are the base of people's lives and the basic unit that constitutes society, so their peace and stability are extremely important, and the state has a great interest in them. Therefore, disputes over these relationships must be resolved appropriately. For this reason, systems such as family law proceedings and civil litigation procedures have been established. However, family and relative relationships are often private matters that the parties involved do not want third parties to know about, and they are also relationships that continue for a long time. Therefore, it is better to avoid fighting in an open court, or to apply the law in a lawsuit to determine the existence of rights and obligations, which may resolve the dispute, but may leave a grudge between the parties and cause problems in their future relationships, so it is better to try to resolve the dispute with the consent of the parties as much as possible. This is the purpose of the family mediation system. [Toshiaki Ito, May 19, 2016] Domestic Relations Mediation AgencyIn principle, family mediation is conducted by a mediation committee. When the family court deems it appropriate, the judge or family mediator may conduct the mediation alone (sole mediation). However, if the parties request mediation by the mediation committee, the judge or mediator may not conduct the mediation alone. A conciliation committee is composed of either a judge or a family mediator and two or more family mediation committee members. Family mediation committee members are part-time national civil servants appointed by the Supreme Court from among those who are (1) qualified to be lawyers, (2) have knowledge useful for resolving family disputes (certified public accountants, tax accountants, judicial scriveners, etc.), and (3) are between 40 and 70 years of age with ample knowledge and experience in social life and a high level of character and insight. In order to make effective use of the knowledge and experience of family mediation committee members in family mediation procedures, a system has been established whereby, at the request of other conciliation committees, opinions based on specialized knowledge and experience are heard even for cases that the mediator is not directly responsible for. [Toshiaki Ito, May 19, 2016] Subject matter and procedure of family mediationThe subjects of family mediation are (1) family court adjudication cases concerning the matters listed in Schedule 2 of the Domestic Relations Procedure Act, (2) personal status litigation cases provided for in Article 2 of the Personal Status Litigation Act (excluding divorce and dissolution of marriage lawsuits), (3) cases relating to the family in which divorce, dissolution of marriage, and civil lawsuits may be filed, and (4) other cases relating to the family (cases that are not subject to adjudication or litigation). (1) Specifically, cases related to dispositions regarding cooperation and support between spouses, designation or change of parental authority, determination of the order of support and change or cancellation of such determination, division of inheritance, and dispositions determining contributions are relatively low in public interest and involve matters related to rights or interests that the parties can freely dispose of at their own will. If family mediation is unsuccessful, the case will move to family court adjudication. A family case may be commenced through either family mediation or family court adjudication procedures, and the choice of which procedure is left to the petitioner. Even if the petitioner has filed a petition for family court adjudication and the procedure has commenced, the court may refer the case to mediation (Article 274 of the Domestic Relations Procedure Act). On the other hand, if the applicant applies for family mediation and begins the procedure, but the mediation fails, the family court may make a "judgment in lieu of mediation" (Article 284, Paragraph 1 of the same law), but if there is a lawful objection to the "judgment in lieu of mediation," it will become void (Article 286, Paragraph 5 of the same law), and the case will move to adjudication procedures (Article 286, Paragraph 7 of the same law). (2) specifically refers to cases involving acknowledgment, invalidation or revocation of acknowledgment, denial of legitimacy, and confirmation of non-existence of parent-child relationship. This is a case type that has a strong public interest and does not allow for resolution based on the will of the parties, but since it is aimed at the formation and confirmation of a personal relationship, it is preferable to use a closed mediation procedure and handle it in a simplified procedure that assumes an agreement between the parties, rather than immediately going through a public litigation procedure. Therefore, for such cases, a rule is adopted that a petition for family mediation must be filed before a lawsuit is filed (called the "principle of mediation prior to the filing of a lawsuit") (Article 257, Paragraph 1 of the Domestic Relations Procedure Act). In the family mediation procedure, if an agreement is reached between the parties to receive a judgment in accordance with the purpose of the petition, and it is confirmed that there is no dispute over the causal facts regarding the formation and existence of a personal relationship, the family court may, after investigating the necessary facts, make a "judgment equivalent to an agreement" (Article 277 of the same Act). If one wishes to have a trial (judgment) in accordance with the intent of the application for mediation, then a lawsuit (personal status lawsuit) will have to be filed. (3) Specifically, cases related to divorce/dissolution of marriage, compensation for infidelity, claims for return of loans between relatives, claims for reduction of inheritance rights, etc. In these types of cases, it is considered desirable to resolve them through discussion as much as possible, so the principle of mediation as a prerequisite is adopted. In the procedure of family mediation, if the mediation is not concluded, a new lawsuit must be filed, but when the mediation is not concluded, the court may make a "judgment in lieu of mediation" (Article 284, Paragraph 1 of the same law). If there is no objection to the "judgment in lieu of mediation" or if the judgment dismissing the objection is finalized, the "judgment in lieu of mediation" becomes finalized (Article 287 of the same law), but if there is a lawful objection, it will become void (Article 286, Paragraph 5 of the same law). (4) Specifically, cases where there is no option but to rely on the voluntary action of the parties, such as requesting the fulfillment of a marriage contract (cases that are not subject to court proceedings). If a petition for family mediation is filed and the petition is unsuccessful, other court procedures cannot be used. [Toshiaki Ito, May 19, 2016] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
家庭に関する事件について、家庭裁判所に設けられる調停委員会または裁判官が仲介して、当事者(申立人・相手方)の合意による紛争解決を図ることを目的とする手続。 [伊東俊明 2016年5月19日] 趣旨家族関係は、人の生活の拠点であるとともに社会を構成している基本的な単位であるから、その平和と安定はきわめて重要であり、国家もそれについて重大な関心を有している。したがって、これらの関係をめぐる紛争は適切に解決されなければならない。そのために、家事事件手続と民事訴訟手続という制度が設けられている。しかし、家族・親族の関係は、当事者にとっては第三者には知られたくないプライバシーに関することが多く、そのうえ長期にわたって継続する関係でもある。そこで、公開の法廷で争うのは避けたほうがよい、あるいは、訴訟で法律を適用して権利義務の存否を確定すると、紛争は解決するかもしれないが、当事者間にしこりが残りその後の関係に禍根を残しうるため、できるだけ当事者の納得を得たうえでの紛争解決を図ったほうがよい、というのが、家事調停制度を設けた趣旨である。 [伊東俊明 2016年5月19日] 家事調停の機関家事調停は、原則として、調停委員会が行う。家庭裁判所が相当と認めたときは、裁判官または家事調停官だけで調停を行うことができる(単独調停)。もっとも、当事者が調停委員会による調停を求めたときは、単独調停をすることはできない。 調停委員会は、裁判官または家事調停官のいずれか1人と家事調停委員2人以上によって構成される。家事調停委員は、(1)弁護士となる資格を有する者、(2)家事紛争の解決に有用な知識を有する者(公認会計士、税理士、司法書士など)、(3)社会生活のうえで豊富な知識経験を有する者で、人格見識の高い40歳から70歳の者のうちから、最高裁判所が任命する、非常勤の国家公務員である。なお、家事調停委員の知識経験を家事調停手続で有益に活用するための制度として、その調停委員が直接担当していない事件についても、他の調停委員会の求めに応じて専門的知識経験に基づく意見を聴取する制度が設けられている。 [伊東俊明 2016年5月19日] 家事調停の対象と調停手続家事調停の対象となるのは、(1)家事事件手続法の別表第2に掲げる事項についての家事審判事件、(2)人事訴訟法第2条に規定する人事訴訟事件(離婚・離縁の訴えを除く)、(3)離婚・離縁および民事訴訟をすることができる家庭に関する事件、(4)その他家庭に関する事件(審判・訴訟の対象とはならない事件)である。 (1)は、具体的には、夫婦間の協力扶助に関する処分、親権者の指定または変更、扶養の順位の決定およびその決定の変更または取消し、遺産の分割、寄与分を定める処分などに係るもので、比較的公益性が低く、当事者が自らの意思によって自由に処分することのできる権利または利益に関する事項に係る事件である。家事調停が不成立になった場合には、家事審判に移行する。家事事件は、家事調停の手続と家事審判の手続のいずれからでも開始することができ、どちらの手続によるかは、申立人の選択に委ねられている。申立人が家事審判の申立てをして、その手続が開始した場合であっても、裁判所は、当該事件を調停に付することができる(家事事件手続法274条)。それに対して、申立人が家事調停の申立てをして、その手続を開始したが、調停が不成立になった場合には、家庭裁判所は、「調停に代わる審判」をすることができるが(同法284条1項)、「調停に代わる審判」に対して適法な異議があると、それは効力を失い(同法286条5項)、事件は審判手続に移行することになる(同法286条7項)。 (2)は、具体的には、認知、認知の無効・取消し、嫡出否認、親子関係不存在確認の訴えに係る事件である。公益性が強く、当事者の意思に基づく解決が許容されていない事件類型であるが、身分関係の形成・確認を対象としているため、いきなり公開の訴訟手続によるよりも、非公開の調停手続を利用して、当事者間の合意を前提とする簡易な手続で処理することが望ましいということができる。そのため、このような事件については、訴訟を提起する前に、家事調停の申立てをしなければならない(「調停前置主義」と称される)という規律が採用されている(家事事件手続法257条1項)。家事調停の手続において、当事者間に申立ての趣旨どおりの審判を受けることについて合意が成立し、身分関係の形成・存否についての原因事実に争いがないことが確認された場合には、家庭裁判所は、必要な事実の調査をしたうえで、「合意に相当する審判」をすることができる(同法277条)。なお、調停の申立ての趣旨どおりの裁判(判決)を望むのであれば、訴訟(人事訴訟)を提起することになる。 (3)は、具体的には、離婚・離縁、不貞に基づく慰謝料、親族間の貸金返還請求、遺留分減殺請求等の訴えに係る事件である。これらの類型の事件も、できるだけ話合いによる解決をすることが望ましいと考えられるため、調停前置主義が採用されている。家事調停の手続において、調停が成立しない場合には、改めて訴訟を提起しなければならないが、裁判所は、調停が不成立になったときに、「調停に代わる審判」をすることができる(同法284条1項)。「調停に代わる審判」に異議がないか、異議の申立てを却下する審判が確定したときは、「調停に代わる審判」が確定するが(同法287条)、適法な異議があれば、それは効力を失うことになる(同法286条5項)。 (4)は、具体的には、婚姻予約の履行を求めるなど、当事者の任意の行為に期待するほかない事件(裁判の対象とはならない事件)である。家事調停の申立てをし、それが不成立になった場合には、他の裁判手続を利用することはできない。 [伊東俊明 2016年5月19日] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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