Arginine - Arginine

Japanese: アルギニン - あるぎにん(英語表記)arginine
Arginine - Arginine

One of the α (alpha)-amino acids. Its abbreviation is Arg or R. It is a basic amino acid. It was isolated in 1886 by Ernst August Schulze (1840-1912) and E. Steiger from bleached lupine sprouts. It was named arginine because its nitrate was as white as silver argent. L-arginine is widely present as a component of proteins. In particular, it belongs to the protein protamine present in fish sperm (milt), and about 70% of the constituent amino acids in clupeine (herring) and salmine (salmon) are arginine. It also exists in a free state in plant seeds. Arginine is strongly alkaline due to its guanidino group. When it is reacted with α-naphthol and hypochlorous acid in an alkaline environment, it turns a characteristic red color and can be quantified (Sakaguchi reaction). In the body, it is a component of the urea cycle (ornithine cycle), produced from citrulline and aspartic acid, and broken down into urea and ornithine by arginase. It protects against the toxic effects of ammonia and large amounts of amino acids. Arginase is present in the brain and regulates the amount of arginine, a precursor of gamma-guanidinobutyric acid. Molecular weight: 174.21. Decomposition point: 238°C. Soluble in water.

[Chie Furuhata]

nutrition

Nutritionally, arginine is intermediate between essential and non-essential amino acids, and is indispensable for the growth of young animals, so it is also called a semi-essential amino acid. As a food protein, it is found in large amounts in animal proteins, especially in fish milt, and is also found in considerable amounts in cereal proteins, so there is no nutritional deficiency of it. In addition to being involved in the urea cycle in the body, arginine binds with glycine to become glycocyamine (guanidinoacetic acid), and receives a methyl group from active methionine to produce creatine.

[Miyazaki Motoyoshi]

"NO and Medicine - The Physiological and Pharmacological Actions of Nitric Oxide" by Yoshihiko Oyanagi (1993, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Alkaloids - A Treasure Trove of Poisons and Medicines" by Shinji Funayama (1998, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Illustrated Medicine & Science Series: The Physiological Actions of NO and Diseases" edited by Naoyuki Taniguchi and Keiichiro Suzuki (1999, Yodosha)""The Super Amino Acid Health Revolution - All about the 21st Century Supplement "Arginine"" by Hiroshi Koga (2002, Today's Topics)"

[References] | Aspartic acid | Amino acids | Arginase | Bases | Ornithine | Ornithine cycle | Glycine | Creatine | Hypochlorous acid | Citrulline | Nitrate | Sperm | Metabolism | Proteins | Naphthol | Urea | Essential amino acids | Protamine | Methionine | Methyl group | Butyric acid

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

α(アルファ)-アミノ酸の一つ。略号はArgまたはR。塩基性アミノ酸。シュルツェErnst August Schulze(1840―1912)とシュタイガーE. Steigerにより1886年に白化させたルピナス(豆)の芽から単離された。その硝酸塩が銀argentのように白かったのでarginineと名づけられた。L-アルギニンはタンパク質の構成成分として広く存在する。とくに魚類の精子(白子(しらこ))に存在するタンパク質プロタミンに属する、クルペイン(ニシン)、サルミン(サケ)などでは構成アミノ酸の約70%がアルギニンである。植物種子中には遊離状態でも存在する。アルギニンはそのグアニジノ基のために強塩基性を示す。アルカリ性でα-ナフトールと次亜塩素酸を作用させると特有の赤色を呈し、定量できる(坂口反応)。生体内の代謝経路は、尿素回路(オルニチン回路)の構成成分で、シトルリンとアスパラギン酸から生成され、アルギナーゼの働きによって尿素とオルニチンに分解される。アンモニアや大量のアミノ酸の毒作用に対して保護する働きがある。脳にはアルギナーゼが存在し、γ(ガンマ)-グアニジノ酪酸の前駆体であるアルギニンの量を調節している。分子量174.21。分解点238℃。水に溶ける。

[降旗千恵]

栄養

アルギニンは栄養上、必須(ひっす)アミノ酸と非必須アミノ酸の中間に位置し、幼動物の成長には不可欠で、準必須アミノ酸ともよばれる。食品タンパク質としては動物性タンパク質、とくに魚類の白子に多く、また穀類タンパク質にもかなり含まれていて、栄養的に不足することはない。なお、生体内では尿素回路のほか、グリシンと結合してグリコシアミン(グアニジノ酢酸)となり、活性メチオニンからメチル基を受けてクレアチンを生成する。

[宮崎基嘉]

『大柳善彦著『NOと医学――一酸化窒素の生理作用と薬理作用』(1993・共立出版)』『船山信次著『アルカロイド――毒と薬の宝庫』(1998・共立出版)』『谷口直之・鈴木敬一郎編『イラスト医学&サイエンスシリーズ NOの生理作用と疾患』(1999・羊土社)』『古賀弘著『超アミノ酸健康革命――21世紀のサプリメント「アルギニン」のすべて』(2002・今日の話題社)』

[参照項目] | アスパラギン酸 | アミノ酸 | アルギナーゼ | 塩基 | オルニチン | オルニチン回路 | グリシン | クレアチン | 次亜塩素酸 | シトルリン | 硝酸塩 | 精子 | 代謝 | タンパク質 | ナフトール | 尿素 | 必須アミノ酸 | プロタミン | メチオニン | メチル基 | 酪酸

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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