Kasamahan - Kasamahan (English spelling)

Japanese: カサマ制度 - カサマせいど（英語表記）Kasamahan

Kasama is a Filipino Tagalog word meaning joint management. It is a system in which landlords and tenant farmers share the cost of production and share the produce in proportion to their share, which is similar to the Japanese system of sharecropping. In the Philippines, after the end of the 18th century, when the cultivation of commercial crops for export was encouraged, competition to acquire land without clear ownership broke out throughout the country. Traditional cultivators lost their land and became tenant farmers of new landlords (property-rich and educated classes) and signed unfavorable contracts such as sharing the harvest in half (if the landlord provided the buffalo, the landlord's share was two-thirds). Unrepayable debts reduced them to a dependent relationship.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

カサマとはフィリピンのタガログ語で共同経営を意味する語。地主と小作人が生産費を共同で負担し，その負担に応じて生産物を山分けする制度で，日本の刈分け小作制にあたる。フィリピンでは 18世紀末以後，輸出用商業作物の栽培が奨励されると，所有者の明文化されていない土地の獲得競争が全土に起った。従来からの耕作者は土地を失い，新地主 (有産・知識階層) の小作人となって，収穫物折半 (地主が水牛を提供する場合は地主の取り分が3分の2) などの不利な契約を結んだ。返済不能の負債は彼らを従属関係に陥れた。

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