Simone Weil

Japanese: ベイユ(英語表記)Weil, Simone
Simone Weil
Born: February 3, 1909 in Paris
[Died] August 24, 1943. Ashford, Kent. French female thinker. Sister of mathematician A. Weille. Seeking the unity of thought and action, doctrine and experience, her posthumously published works had a great influence on postwar social thought. She showed precociousness by quoting Racine at the age of five, and studied philosophy and classical languages ​​at the École Normale Supérieure (Higher Normal School). From 1931, she taught philosophy at lycées (higher secondary schools) around the country. During this time, she worked as a factory girl in an automobile factory from 1934 to 1935, experiencing the miserable life of the workers herself. In the summer of 1936, she joined the volunteer army during the Spanish Civil War, but became inclined to absolute pacifism. She had a mystical experience after hearing hymns at the convent in Solesmes. Although she was Jewish, she held anti-Semitic religious views and considered the Cathars to be true Christians. In 1942, he fled to the United States with his parents, but returned to England and joined de Gaulle's "Free France," where he adopted the same diet as his compatriots under occupation and died of malnutrition and tuberculosis. His works include the religious meditation La Pesanteur et la Grâce (1947), L'Enracinement (1949), which depicts what his country should be like after liberation, Attente de Dieu (1950), a spiritual autobiography, La Condition ouvrière (1951), Cahiers (3 volumes, 1951-56), and a critique of Marxism, Oppression et Liberté (1955).

Bayleef
Veil, Simone Annie

Born: July 13, 1927 in Nice
[Died] June 30, 2017. Paris. French politician. President of the European Parliament (in office 1979-82). In 1944, during World War II, she was deported to Germany under the Vichy government because she was Jewish, and lost her parents and brother in a concentration camp. She was liberated in 1945 and returned to France. After studying at Sciences Po (commonly known as Sciences Po, or Grandes Écoles), she qualified as a judge in 1954. In 1970, she became Secretary General of the High Council of Justice, and in May 1974, she became Minister of Health in the Chirac administration, becoming the second woman in France to be a cabinet minister. From 1977, she also served as Chair of the Council for Information on Electricity and Nuclear Energy, and in April 1978, she passed a bill to legalize abortion. In June 1979, the first direct elections for the European Parliament were held, and she led the Alliance for France in Europe, which became the largest party with 27.6% of the votes. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1993, and served as its President from 1979 to 1982. He was Minister of Social Affairs and Urban Welfare in the Balladur government from 1993 to 1995, and a member of the Constitutional Council from 1998 to 2007. He was buried in the Panthéon in Paris after a state funeral.

Bayleef
Weil, André

Born: May 6, 1906 in Paris
[Died] August 6, 1998. Princeton, New Jersey. French mathematician. Brother of philosopher S. Weille. Graduated from the École Normale Supérieure (Higher Normal School). In 1928, he obtained his doctorate for the so-called Mordell-Weille theorem. Taught at Aligarh University in India (1930-32), studied abroad in Göttingen (32-33), and was an assistant professor at the University of Strasbourg (33-40). During his time at Strasbourg, he made important contributions, including the extension of Abelian functions (38), theory of uniform spaces (38), and measures and integrals on topological groups (40). After teaching at the University of São Paulo in Brazil (45-47), he settled in the United States and became a professor at the University of Chicago (47-58). Since 1958, he has been a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton. He published the details of his proof of G. Riemann's conjecture on the congruence zeta function in the three-part series "Foundations of Algebraic Geometry" (46), "Abelian Varieties and Algebraic Curves" (48), and "Algebraic Curves and Related Varieties" (48). In the 1930s, he also organized a group of mathematicians called "N. Bourbaki" together with J. Delsarte, C. Chevalley, and others, and was active in reconstructing modern mathematics.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1909.2.3. パリ
[没]1943.8.24. ケント,アッシュフォード
フランスの女性思想家。数学者 A.ベイユの妹。思想と行動,教義と経験の一致を求め,死後出版された著作は戦後の社会思想に大きな影響を与えた。5歳でラシーヌを引用する早熟ぶりを示し,エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール (高等師範学校) で哲学と古典語を学び,1931年から各地のリセ (高等中学校) で哲学を教えた。その間,1934~35年女工として自動車工場で働き,労働者の悲惨な生活をみずから体験した。 1936年夏スペイン内乱の義勇軍に参加するが,絶対的平和主義に傾く。ソレームの修道院で聖歌を聞き,神秘的体験をした。ユダヤ人でありながら反ユダヤ的宗教観をもち,カタリ派を真のキリスト者とした。 1942年両親とアメリカに亡命したが,イギリスに戻りドゴールの「自由フランス」に参加,占領下の同胞と同じ食生活を行ない,栄養失調と結核で没した。作品には,宗教的瞑想録『重力と恩寵』 La Pesanteur et la Grâce (1947) ,解放後の祖国のありうべき姿を描いた『根づき』L'Enracinement (1949) ,精神的自伝『神への待望』 Attente de Dieu (1950) ,『労働の条件』 La Condition ouvrière (1951) ,『手帖』 Cahiers (3巻,1951~56) ,マルクス主義批判『抑圧と自由』 Oppression et Liberté (1955) など。

ベイユ
Veil, Simone Annie

[生]1927.7.13. ニース
[没]2017.6.30. パリ
フランスの政治家。ヨーロッパ議会議長(在任 1979~82)。第2次世界大戦中の 1944年,ビシー政府下においてユダヤ人であることを理由にドイツに移送され,両親と兄を強制収容所で亡くす。1945年に解放されて帰国した。パリ政治学院(通称シアンスポ。→グランゼコール)で学んだのち,1954年に判事資格を取得。1970年高等司法会議の事務総長の座につき,1974年5月にシラク政権の厚生大臣に就任,フランスで二人目の女性閣僚となる。1977年からは電力・核エネルギー情報会議の議長を兼任,1978年4月には人工妊娠中絶の合法化に関する法案を成立させた。また 1979年6月,初のヨーロッパ議会直接選挙が実施され,みずから「ヨーロッパにおけるフランスのための同盟」を率いて得票率 27.6%で第一党に躍り出た。1979~93年にかけてヨーロッパ議会議員として活躍し,特に 1979~82年には同議会議長を務めた。1993~95年バラデュール政権の社会問題・都市厚生担当大臣,1998~2007年憲法評議会の評議員を務めた。国葬後,パリのパンテオンに埋葬された。

ベイユ
Weil, André

[生]1906.5.6. パリ
[没]1998.8.6. ニュージャージー,プリンストン
フランスの数学者。思想家 S.ベイユの兄。エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール (高等師範学校) 卒業。 1928年にいわゆるモーデル・ベイユの定理で学位取得。インドのアリーガル大学で教え (1930~32) ,ゲッティンゲンに留学 (32~33) ,ストラスブール大学助教授 (33~40) 。ストラスブール時代にはアーベル関数の拡張 (38) ,一様空間の理論 (38) ,位相群上の測度と積分 (40) など,重要な業績を上げた。ブラジルのサン・パウロ大学で教えた (45~47) のち,アメリカに定住し,シカゴ大学教授 (47~58) 。 58年よりプリンストン高級研究所の研究員。合同式ゼータ関数についての G.リーマンの予想を証明した詳細を3部作,『代数幾何学の基礎』 (46) ,『アーベル多様体と代数曲線』 (48) ,『代数曲線とそれに関連した多様体』 (48) に発表。また 30年代から,J.デルサルト,C.シュバレーらとともに数学者集団「N.ブールバキ」を組織し,現代数学の再構成のために活躍した。

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