American architecture from the 17th century to the present. 17th-century New England architecture was influenced by Dutch and British houses, and the most advanced public buildings of the time were built in Williamsburg at the end of the 17th century. In the 18th century, cathedrals and Jacobean (→ Georgian) style houses were built, inspired by the architecture of J. Gibbs of England. C. Bulfinch's State House in Boston and President Jefferson's University of Virginia are representative works of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. From the early 19th century, Greek Revival became popular, and Gothic style came to be used for cathedrals. From the mid-19th century, American architecture showed its own unique characteristics, and in terms of hotel architecture, bathrooms, elevators, and other building facilities, it was one step ahead of Europe. At the same time, America's unique wooden housing style also developed. However, it was architects R. Hunt, who specialized in the French Renaissance style, and H. Richardson, who created a unique style from the French Romanesque style, who both studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris who brought the standard of American architecture up to that of Europe. C. McKim and others who followed were also from the Beaux-Arts school, and the Beaux-Arts school came to dominate American architecture thereafter. Meanwhile, in Chicago, attempts were made to build high-rise buildings using steel frames, and the technology was established around 1890. Around World War I, the center of American architecture shifted to New York, giving birth to the skyscraper era in the 1930s. During this time, F. Wright pioneered his own architectural style and advocated organic architecture, creating numerous masterpieces and gaining passionate followers around the world, becoming one of the great masters of 20th century architecture. In the 1930s, the 20th century style, which had mainly been perfected in Germany, was introduced to the city, and with the immigration of W. Gropius and other outstanding European architects, and with industrial and technological power that surpassed that of Europe, after World War II it became one of the centers of the architectural world, a position it remains to this day. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
17世紀以後現代にいたるアメリカの建築。 17世紀のニューイングランドの建築は,オランダとイギリスの影響を受けた住宅で,17世紀末にはウィリアムズバーグで当時最も進んだ公共建築物が建てられた。 18世紀にはイギリスの J.ギブズの建築に刺激された聖堂とジャコビアン様式 (→ジョージ朝様式 ) の住宅が建てられるようになった。 C.ブルフィンチのボストンの州会議事堂と大統領ジェファーソンのバージニア大学は,18世紀末と 19世紀初頭の代表作である。 19世紀初頭からギリシア・リバイバルが盛んとなり,聖堂にはゴシック様式が用いられるようになった。 19世紀中期から,アメリカ建築は独自の特色を示し,ホテル建築や浴室,エレベータのような建築設備の面では,ヨーロッパより一歩先んじており,また同時期にはアメリカ独自の木造住宅様式も発展した。しかし,アメリカ建築の水準をヨーロッパ並みに高めたのは,フランス・ルネサンス様式を得意とした R.ハントと,フランス・ロマネスク様式から独特の様式をつくりだした H.リチャードソンで,ともにパリのエコール・デ・ボザールで学んだ建築家である。続く C.マッキムらもボザールの出身で,以後アメリカ建築の主流はボザール派が占めることになった。他方,シカゴでは鉄骨構造による高層建築が試みられ,1890年頃その技術が確立した。第1次世界大戦頃からニューヨークに中心が移り,1930年代に摩天楼時代を生み出した。この間,F.ライトは,独自の建築様式を開拓して有機的建築を唱え,数々の名作を造り,各国に熱烈な信奉者をつくって 20世紀の建築界の巨匠の一人となった。 30年代には主としてドイツで完成された 20世紀様式が導入され,W.グロピウスその他のすぐれたヨーロッパ建築家の移住や,ヨーロッパを抜いた工業力,技術力を背景に,第2次世界大戦後は,建築界の中心地の一つとなって,今日にいたっている。
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