Historical demography

Japanese: 歴史人口学 - れきしじんこうがく(英語表記)historical demography
Historical demography

It refers to the application of modern methods of demographic analysis to records created in the past, often for non-demographic purposes. Interest in population history is as old as the study of history itself. But historical demography as a specialized branch of demography has its origins in the 20th century. Like statistics, it belongs to the field of methodology. There is a major difference between demographic history as a branch of history and historical demography: the difference between holism and methodology. While demographic history aims to interpret and explain past population changes, historical demography is characterized by the materials it uses and the methods of analysis it uses.

Historical demography was established and developed in Europe, especially in France and the UK, after the Second World War, but since 1965, there has been a strong interest in historical demography in North America and Latin America. Michel Fleury and Louis G. Henry's family reconstruction based on parish registers and Edward A. Wrigley's study of Colyton parish in Surrey (southern England) are the pioneers of historical demography. Since Christian churches have recorded baptisms, marriages and burials since the 14th century, there is a wealth of original data in Europe. The scope of research was initially centered on monographic studies of villages, but has recently expanded to include studies of large cities, rural areas and national samples. In the United States, research methods are used to clarify households, family structures, migration, race and occupational structures based on census registers. To address missing data, methods such as mortality correction based on model life tables and examination of birth intervals based on pregnancy history are used.

Research in historical demography has greatly advanced our knowledge of the demographic characteristics of developed countries before modernization. This knowledge will also provide important insights into the population problems of developing countries. Many analytical methods developed in historical demography are also useful for analyzing and correcting population data in developing countries. In the case of Japan, the sect registration books from the Edo period and the original registries from the Meiji period onwards are excellent basic materials for historical demography.

[Yuichi Minagawa]

"Historical Demographic Studies of Early Modern Rural Areas" by Akira Hayami (1973, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" "E. A. Wrigley, "Population and History" (translated by Akira Hayami, 1971, Heibonsha)"

[Reference items] | Population | Demography

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

過去に、しばしば人口学的目的以外のために作成された諸記録に対する今日の人口学的分析方法の適用をいう。人口の歴史に対する関心は、歴史自体の研究と同じく古くから存在する。だが人口学の一専門分科としての歴史人口学は20世紀にその起源をもつ。統計学と同様、それは方法学の分野に属する。歴史学の一部門としての人口史と歴史人口学との間には大きな差異がある。それは全体学と方法学との差異である。人口史は過去の人口変動の解釈説明を目ざすものであるのに対し、歴史人口学はそれが用いる資料およびその分析方法に特色をもつ。

 歴史人口学は第二次世界大戦後、ヨーロッパ、とくにフランスおよびイギリスで確立、発展したが、1965年以降は北アメリカやラテンアメリカでも歴史人口学への熱心な関心が生じている。フルーリイMichel FleuryとアンリLouis G. Henryによる教区記録簿に基づく家族復原や、リグリィEdward A. Wrigleyのサリー州(イングランド南部)コリトン教区の研究は歴史人口学の嚆矢(こうし)をなす。キリスト教の教会は洗礼、結婚および埋葬を14世紀以来記録してきているから、原資料はヨーロッパに豊富に存在する。研究範囲は、最初、村落のモノグラフ的研究が中心だったが、最近では大都市や地方および全国のサンプルの研究にまで対象が広がってきている。アメリカではセンサス原簿に基づき、世帯、家族構成、移動、人種および職業構造を明らかにする研究方法がとられている。資料の記録漏れに対しては、モデル生命表に基づく死亡率補正、妊娠歴に基づく出産間隔の検討などの手法が利用されている。

 歴史人口学の研究により、先進諸国の近代化以前の人口学的特質に関するわれわれの知識は大きく前進した。それはさらに発展途上国の人口問題に対して大きな示唆を与えてくれるだろう。歴史人口学により開発された分析手法は、発展途上国の人口データの分析や補正にも役だつものが多い。日本の場合、江戸期の宗門人別帳や明治以降の原籍簿は歴史人口学のための好個の基礎材料である。

[皆川勇一]

『速水融著『近世農村の歴史人口学的研究』(1973・東洋経済新報社)』『E・A・リグリィ著、速水融訳『人口と歴史』(1971・平凡社)』

[参照項目] | 人口 | 人口学

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