Past Records - Kakocho

Japanese: 過去帳 - かこちょう
Past Records - Kakocho

A book in which temples record the date of death, Buddhist name, secular name, age, etc. of their parishioners. It is also called a tenkibo or spirit book. The tenkibo found in the Shoku Nihongi is thought to be the earliest example. The shukumei-cho in which Ennin recorded the names of his followers is also a type of this. The name was first seen in the Heike Monogatari as "the death register of Emperor Goshirakawa's Chokodo." In the Middle Ages, it was valued by the Jishu (Jishū monks and laypeople), and having someone recorded in it was considered to have gone to heaven. The Jishu Kakocho (Important Cultural Property of Japan) of Shojokoji Temple (Yugyo-ji Temple) in Fujisawa City, Kanagawa Prefecture, which was started to be written by Taashinkyo in June 1279 (Kōan 2) and continued to be written by the 30th head priest Yugyo Shonin, is well-known. When the temple and parishioner system was established in the early modern period, all temples began to have Kakocho. The trigger for this was the establishment of temple and shrine magistrates in 1635 (Kan'ei 12) and the start of the Terauke system, and Kakocho records from before that year are extremely rare. In terms of style, there are daily Kakocho records that list the anniversaries of deaths and those that list them in order of death, but the former is in a daily calendar format and is intended for daily memorial services.

[Hitoshi Okusa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

寺院が、檀信徒(だんしんと)の死亡年月日、法(戒)名、俗名、年齢などを記載する帳簿。点鬼簿(てんきぼ)、霊簿ともいう。『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』にみえる点鬼簿がそのもっとも早い例と考えられる。また円仁(えんにん)が結集(けつじゅう)の名前を記した結集名簿もこの一種である。『平家物語』に「後白河(ごしらかわ)法皇の長講堂の過去帳」とみえるのが名称のうえでは初見である。中世には時衆(じしゅ)(時宗(じしゅう)の僧俗)において重視され、これに記載されることによって往生(おうじょう)とみなされた。1279年(弘安2)6月から他阿真教(たあしんきょう)によって記され始め、30代遊行上人(ゆぎょうしょうにん)まで書き継がれた神奈川県藤沢市の清浄光寺(しょうじょうこうじ)(遊行寺)の『時衆過去帳』(国の重要文化財)は著名である。近世に入って寺檀(じだん)制度が成立すると、過去帳は全寺院に備えられるものとなった。1635年(寛永12)の寺社奉行(ぶぎょう)設置と寺請(てらうけ)制度の開始がその契機となっており、この年以前の過去帳はきわめてまれである。様式的には、命日ごとに記載した日割過去帳と死亡順に記載したものとがあるが、前者は、日めくり形式で日々の供養を目的としたものである。

[大桑 斉]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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