Ahdas - Ahdas

Japanese: アフダース - あふだーす

… [Ryosho Hayashi]
[Islamic World]
A group of chivalrous ruffians active in the cities of the Islamic world from the 9th century onwards. They are also called 'ayyār, fityan, shuttar or aḥdāth. In Iraq and Iran from the mid-Abbasid period onwards, groups of ayyar appeared among the urban populace, who joined the auxiliary forces of the caliph or attacked the houses of wealthy merchants and high-ranking officials. In the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century, when the power of the dynasty weakened, they established a certain degree of self-governing organisation, took charge of festivals and tried to defend their towns against outside forces.

From [Harla]

...The size of the hara varied from a population of about 500 to several thousand, but the residents knew each other and participated in wedding celebrations, prayer and exorcism ceremonies, and on the birthdays of saints, a procession of young people marched through the town with flutes and drums at the head. A strong sense of hara was born from this communal social life, and the bearers of values such as mutual assistance and helping the weak were the chivalrous ruffians (chivalrous men) called 'ayyār, aḥdāth, or shuttar. This downtown spirit was eventually inherited by Ibn al-Balad (child of the town) from the 18th century onwards.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Ahdas" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…【林亮勝】
［イスラム世界］
　9世紀以後，イスラム世界の都市を中心にして活躍した任俠無頼の徒。アイヤール‘ayyār，フィトヤーン，シュッタール，あるいはアフダースaḥdāthともいう。アッバース朝中期以降のイラクやイランでは，都市の民衆の間からカリフの補助軍に加わったり，富裕な商人や高級官僚の館を襲ったりするアイヤールの集団が現れ，とくに王朝の権力が弱まった10世紀と11世紀の前半には，一定の自治組織を確立して祭礼をとりしきり，また外部勢力に対抗して街区の防衛に努めた。…

【ハーラ】より

…ハーラの規模は人口500程度から数千までとさまざまであったが，住民たちは互いに顔見知りの間柄であって，彼らは結婚の祝いや，願掛け･厄払いの行事にこぞって参列し，また聖者の生誕祭には笛や太鼓を先頭にして若者たちの行列が町中を練り歩いた。このような共同の社会生活の中から強固なハーラ意識が生まれ，相互扶助や弱者救済などの価値の担い手がアイヤール‘ayyār，アフダースaḥdāth，あるいはシュッタールと呼ばれる任俠無頼の徒(俠客)であった。その下町気質はやがて18世紀以降のイブン･アルバラド(町の子)へと継承されていく。…

※「アフダース」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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