It refers to the sum of all the characteristics that make up the urban lifestyle, which is generally perceived as being in contrast to the rural lifestyle. Worth's Classical TheoryAccording to the American sociologist Robert Worth’s classic paper, “Urbanism as a Way of Life,” he examines numerous characteristics across three aspects: (1) regional form and population (academically known as human ecology), (2) social organization, and (3) personality. The main characteristics are as follows: Regarding (1), regional differentiation, such as the separation of work and residence and the formation of separate residential areas for different types of residents, natural selection of population, and a decline in the birth rate. Regarding (2), these include the disappearance of primary relationships such as neighborhood relationships and the dominance of secondary relationships in their place; social separation despite physical proximity; impersonal, superficial, and temporary social relations; the increasing division of labor; the institutionalization of ways of satisfying residents' needs; the development of corporate organizations; the standardization and deindividuation that came with the emergence of mass production and mass media; division into multiple groups and constant replacement of members within each group; and the maintenance of social order through mechanical, formal rules symbolized by clocks and traffic signals. Regarding (3), emphasis is placed on efficiency, utility, and economy. Recognizing others based on external cues rather than on inner humanity. Relative perspective and tolerance. Cold reason. Sense of impatience. Frustration. Sense of anxiety. Sense of loneliness. Schizoid personality. What emerges from all of this is a picture of the masses, like a pile of sand lacking mutual emotional connections and moisture, writhing unsteadily under mechanical rules. However, if we perceive it this way, it does not differ in broad outline from what is commonly believed, and therefore Worth can be considered to have provided academic support for the commonly held belief. The American anthropologist Redfield, who was a researcher of urban life alongside Worth, also viewed the basic characteristics of urban life as individualization, secularization, and cultural disintegration, and shared a similar understanding with Worth. [Hachiro Nakamura] Theoretical Basis and Its ModificationWorth lists three reasons why urbanism appears in cities: large population, high population density, and heterogeneity of residents, and argues that each characteristic is due to one of these three factors. For example, impersonal, superficial, and temporary social relations result from large population, because as the population increases, the number of people that an individual comes into contact with increases, and the ability to maintain deep personal contact with each person disappears. These three factors are common to all cities, regardless of historical or regional differences. If this is the case, then the conclusion is that urbanism also appears in all cities, and there seems to be no doubt about this conventional wisdom. However, empirical research since Wirth has presented successive refutations of the urbanism he preaches, and it has become fully recognized that intimate social relationships are maintained in cities as well, and that historical and regional differences also accompany them. The explanation that the three factors are attributable to the urbanism has overlooked the fact that people in cities do not interact equally with all other people, but rather have selective contact with some people and are estranged from others. Therefore, it seems that the conventional wisdom about cities based on Wirth's theory was biased. [Hachiro Nakamura] "Sociology of Urban Communities" by Hachiro Nakamura (1973, Yuhikaku) "Urbanism as a Lifestyle" by L. Worth, translated by Yuetsu Takahashi (included in "Sociology of Urbanization, Supplement" translated by Hiroshi Suzuki, 1978, Seishin Shobo) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に農村とは対照的と思われている都市の生活様式を構成する諸特質の総体をいう。 ワースの古典的理論すでに古典視されているアメリカの社会学者ワースの論文「生活様式としてのアーバニズム」によれば、(1)地域形態と人口(学問的に人間生態学といわれる面)、(2)社会組織、(3)パーソナリティという3側面にわたる数多くの特質を取り上げているが、おもな特質は次のとおりである。 (1)については、職場と住居の分離や異質な住民別の居住地域形成といった地域分化。人口の自然淘汰(とうた)。出産率の低下。 (2)については、近隣などの一次的関係の消滅とそれにかわる二次的関係の優越。物理的近接性の反面での社会的隔たり。非人間的、表面的、一時的社会関係。分業の進行。住民欲求充足様式の制度化。法人組織の発達。大量生産とマス・メディアの出現に伴う平準化と没個性化。複数集団への分属と個々の集団での不断の成員交替。時計や交通信号に象徴される機械的形式的規則による社会秩序の維持。 (3)については、能率、効用、経済性の重視。内面的人間性よりは外見的手がかりによる他者の認知。相対的ものの見方と寛容性。冷たい理性。焦燥感。欲求不満。不安感。孤独感。精神分裂的性格。 以上を通じて浮かび上がってくるのは、相互の感情的つながりと潤いに欠けた砂の集まりのような大衆が、機械的規則の下に不安定にうごめいている姿である。しかしこのように認識するとすれば、大枠では一般通念で考えられていることと変わらないようであり、したがってワースは一般通念を学問的に裏づけたとも考えられる。ワースと並ぶ都市生活の研究者であったアメリカの人類学者レッドフィールドの場合も、都市生活の基本特質を個人化、世俗化、文化解体としてとらえ、ワースとほぼ共通した理解のうえにたっていた。 [中村八朗] 理論の根拠とその修正都市にアーバニズムの現れる理由について、ワースは大規模人口、高い人口密度、住民の異質性という3要因をあげ、諸特質のそれぞれはこの3要因のいずれかに起因すると説いている。たとえば非人間的、表面的、一時的社会関係は、大規模人口という要因から生じており、それは人口増とともに一個人の接触する相手も多数となる関係上、その一人一人と深い人格的接触を持続させる余裕がまったく消滅するに至ることによるというのである。 ところで、この3要因は歴史的、地域的相違のいかんにかかわらず、すべての都市に共通する。とすれば、アーバニズムもすべての都市に出現するという結論になるが、一般通念としてもそれに疑問は生じないと思われる。しかしワース以降の実証的研究からは、彼の説くアーバニズムに対する反証が次々に提示され、都市においても親密な社会関係が維持されており、加えて歴史的、地域的相違が伴うことも十分認識されるに至っている。3要因に起因するという説明についても、たとえば都市の人間は他のすべての人間と均等に接するのでなく、ある人間とは親密に、他とは疎遠というように選択的に接触する点が見過ごされている。したがって、都市のワース的一般通念にも偏りがあったと考えられる。 [中村八朗] 『中村八朗著『都市コミュニティの社会学』(1973・有斐閣)』▽『L・ワース著、高橋勇悦訳『生活様式としてのアーバニズム』(鈴木広訳編『都市化の社会学 増補』1978・誠信書房・所収)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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