Tokuichi - Tokuitsu

Dates of birth and death unknown. A Hosso sect monk in the early Heian period. There are various theories about when he lived, but he is thought to have lived between 760 (Tenpyo Hoji 4) and 840 (Jowa 7). Later biographies state that he was the son of Fujiwara no Nakamaro. He studied Hosso Buddhism in Nara, and moved to the eastern part of Japan at around age 20, living in Aizu. He is said to have founded Chuzenji Temple on Mount Tsukuba in Hitachi (Ibaraki Prefecture) and Enichiji Temple at the foot of Mount Bandai in Aizu. In 815 (Kōnin 6), Kukai sent his disciple Kōshū to Tokuichi to send incense and request him to copy Shingon sutras. Tokuitsu wrote "Shingonshu Mijubun" (Shingonshu Mijubun), which listed 11 questions about the new Shingon sect, but this book was later refuted by many people. From around 817, for about five years, he debated with Saicho over the doctrines of Tendai and Hosso, and the ideas of Ichijo and Sanjo (the so-called Sanichi Gonjitsu debate), criticizing Saicho's Tendai teachings and Ichijo ideas from the standpoint of Hosso sectarianism and Sanjo sectarianism, and wrote one volume of "Busshosho," three volumes of "Chuhen Gikyo," three volumes of "Shaikensho," three volumes of "Enichiusoku," three volumes of "Enichiusoku," and twenty volumes of "Nakahen Gikyozan." Tokuitsu's mausoleum is located at Enichiji Temple in Aizu, and Shojoji Temple (Kawanuma County, Fukushima Prefecture), which is said to have been founded by Tokuitsu, has an excellent Buddha statue from the early Heian period. There are approximately 30 temples said to have been founded, and 17 books are known to have been written about him.

[Tamura Kosuke September 19, 2017]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

生没年不詳。平安初期の法相(ほっそう)宗の僧。生存時代については諸説あるが、760年（天平宝字4）ころから840年（承和7）ころとみられる。後の伝記では藤原仲麻呂(ふじわらのなかまろ)の子とされている。奈良で法相宗を学び20歳ころ東国へ移って会津(あいづ)に住み、常陸(ひたち)（茨城県）筑波(つくば)山に中禅寺を、会津磐梯山麓(ばんだいさんろく)に恵日(えにち)寺をつくったとされる。空海は815年（弘仁6）弟子康守(こうしゅ)を徳一のもとに派遣して香を贈り、真言(しんごん)の写経を依頼している。徳一は、新しい真言宗への疑問11か条を記した『真言宗未決文』を著したが、のちこの書に多くの反論が出されている。また817年ころから約5年間にわたり、天台と法相の教義および一乗と三乗の思想をめぐって最澄(さいちょう)と論争（いわゆる三一権実(さんいちごんじつ)論争）を行い、法相宗学・三乗思想の立場にたって、最澄の天台教学・一乗思想を批判し、『仏性抄』1巻、『中辺義鏡(ちゅうへんぎきょう)』3巻、『遮異見章(しゃいけんしょう)』3巻、『恵日羽足(えにちうそく)』3巻、『中辺義鏡残』20巻などを著した。会津の恵日寺に徳一廟(びょう)があり、徳一開創と伝える勝常寺（福島県河沼(かわぬま)郡）には平安初期の優れた仏像がある。創立寺院と伝えられるもの約30か寺、著書名17種が伝えられている。

［田村晃祐　2017年9月19日］

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