The yen exchange rate, the amount of rainfall in a certain area, noise phenomena in communications engineering, Brownian motion, etc. are phenomena that change with chance over time. A mathematical model of such phenomena is a stochastic process. Mathematically speaking, a family of random variables {X t } with real number t as a parameter is called a stochastic process. Here, if t is fixed, X t is a random variable, but the sample space Ω of X t is constant and unrelated to t. Since X t is a function of t and ω, an element of Ω, X t = X(t,ω) Arbitrarily select a finite number of real numbers t1 , t2 , ..., tn and consider a k-dimensional random variable ( Xt1 , Xt2 , ..., Xtk ). The probability distribution of this k-dimensional random variable is called the finite-dimensional distribution of the stochastic process { Xt }. Stochastic processes can be divided into additive processes, Markov processes, stationary processes, etc., depending on the properties of their finite-dimensional distribution. For the interval I = (a, b), the random variable XI is XI = Xb - Xa In an additive process, when the probability of all ω where the sample function is a continuous function of t is 1, the probability distribution of the random variable X t -X s (t>s) is normal. This type of stochastic process is called a normal additive process. In particular, when the mean of X t -X s is 0 and the variance is t-s, this stochastic process is called a Wiener process or Wiener's Brownian motion. Also, when the probability of all ω where the sample function is a step function that increases in jumps of height 1 is 1, the probability distribution of the random variable X t -X s is Poisson distribution. This type of stochastic process is called a Poisson process. Next, in a time-changing random phenomenon, when the state at time s is known, the state at time t (t>s) may be determined only by the state at time s, and may be unrelated to the state prior to s. A stochastic process with this property is called a Markov process. In more detail, if {X t } is a stochastic process, then The probability law of a Markov process is determined by the conditional probability F(s,x;t,A) of Xt when Xs = x, with s≦t. This probability is called the transition probability. [Shigeru Furuya] "Modern Mathematics 14: Probability Theory" by Kiyoshi Ito (1953, Iwanami Shoten) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
円の交換レート、ある地区における降雨量、通信工学における雑音現象、ブラウン運動などは、時の経過に伴って偶然性をもって変動する現象である。このような現象の数学的モデルが確率過程である。数学的にいえば、実数tをパラメーターとする確率変数族{Xt}を確率過程という。ここでtを固定すればXtは確率変数であるが、Xtの標本空間Ωはtに無関係で一定のものである。XtはtとΩの元ωの関数であるから 任意に有限個の実数t1、t2、……、tnを選んで、k次元確率変数(Xt1,Xt2,……,Xtk)を考え、このk次元確率変数の確率分布を確率過程{Xt}の有限次元分布という。確率過程はその有限次元分布の性質によって、加法過程、マルコフ過程、定常過程などに分けられる。区間I=(a,b)に対して確率変数XIを 加法過程において、標本関数がtの連続関数であるようなω全体の確率が1であるとき、確率変数Xt-Xs(t>s)の確率分布は正規分布となる。このような確率過程を正規加法過程という。ここでとくにXt-Xsの平均値が0で、分散がt-sであるとき、この確率過程をウィーナー過程またはウィーナーのブラウン運動という。また、標本関数が高さ1の飛躍で増加するような階段関数であるようなω全体の確率が1であるとき、確率変数Xt-Xsの確率分布はポアソン分布である。このような確率過程をポアソン過程という。 次に、時間とともに変化する偶然的現象において、時刻sにおける状態がわかっているとき、時刻t(t>s)における状態が、時刻sにおける状態だけで決まり、s以前の状態には無関係なことがある。このような性質をもつ確率過程をマルコフ過程という。詳しくいえば、{Xt}を確率過程とするとき、 マルコフ過程の確率法則はs≦tとしてXs=xのときのXtの条件つき確率F(s,x;t,A)によって決定される。この確率を遷移確率という。 [古屋 茂] 『伊藤清著『現代数学14 確率論』(1953・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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