Transvestism

Japanese: transvestism
Transvestism

…However, the ambiguous symbolism of sex is most clearly seen in sex that violates the prohibition itself. While incest and cross-dressing are rejected as abhorrent and impure on the everyday level, on a higher level they are sacred, as in royal incest, shamanistic cross-dressing, the disappearance of sexual taboos in rituals, and hermaphrodite deities in mythology. The dissolution of the separation caused by prohibition at another level is a logical solution to the sexual paradox by dividing the levels, just like the division of the female impurity and the virgin holiness, but because it concerns the identity of men and women, the ambiguous symbolism of sex also leaves a strong psychological mark and colors human sexuality. …

From [Sexual Perversion]

...autoeroticism (narcissism), in which one's own body is the sexual object; homosexuality, in which one's own sex is the object of one's sexual activity; pedophilia, in which sexually immature children are the object of one's sexual activity; gerontophilia, in which old people are the object of one's sexual activity; necrophilia, in which corpses are the object of one's sexual activity; zoophilia, in which animals (beasts, birds, etc.) are the object of one's sexual activity; sodomy, in which animals are the object of one's sexual activity; fetishism, in which objects or parts of the body are the object of sexual activity; incest, in which one has sex with a parent, child, or sibling. On the other hand, abnormalities in sexual objectives include exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism, and cross-dressing or transvestism. If we consider sexual intercourse with a person of the opposite sex to be normal, then all of these acts have been considered attempts to obtain greater sexual excitement, pleasure, and satisfaction from these sexual objects and acts than is normally obtained through sexual intercourse.

From 【Homosexuality】

...Homosexuality, which can be defined as sexual attraction to the same sex, has undergone a major change in its image in the 20th century. Homosexuality is a distinctively 20th century phenomenon, and never before in human history has the problem of discrimination against homosexuals been so severe, nor have calls for liberation been so strong, as in the 20th century. And at the end of the 20th century, prejudice against homosexuals is weakening. The Diagnostic and Classification of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association has removed homosexuality from its 1980 edition, and the International Classification of Diseases compiled by the WHO (United Nations World Health Organization) has also removed homosexuality from its 1992 edition. ...

From [Disguise]

...Therefore, I would like to consider the act of disguise as a kind of cultural or social phenomenon that generally and fundamentally has historically significant meaning, leaving aside the nuance and historical limitations of the word "disguise" itself. To add a little more detail on the terminological issues surrounding the word "disguise," the English word "transvestism" is a new word that is not registered in this volume of the Oxford English Dictionary (completed in 1928), and although it is commonly used today in cultural anthropology and other fields to mean "disguise" or "cross-dressing," among many ordinary English speakers it has the distinctive nuance of referring to "cross-dressing" or "transvestism" as a kind of abnormal sexual desire. In addition, the Japanese word <masquerade> is used differently from <disguise> in context, typically in expressions such as <carnival masquerade> and <masquerade ball>. It has also been pointed out that the difference between the two words is that <disguise> places emphasis on the act of <changing>, whereas <masquerade> focuses on the changed state, suggesting a fictional quality in that it is <not the original appearance>. However, as is clear from the fact that the explanation for <masquerade> in one Japanese dictionary has been changed to <disguise>, the distinction between the two words is not clear.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "transvestism" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…しかし,性の両義的な象徴性が最も端的に現れるのは,禁止自体を侵犯するような性である。インセストや異性装transvestismなどは日常的レベルでは忌まわしく穢れたものとして排斥される一方,より高いレベルでは王家のインセストやシャーマンの女装,あるいは儀礼での性的タブーの消滅や神話での両性具有的神格のように,聖性を帯びる。このように禁止による分離の別のレベルでの解消は,女性の穢れと処女の聖性への分裂などと同様に,レベルを分けることによる性のパラドックスの論理的解決であるが,男女のアイデンティティにかかわるだけに,性の両義的象徴性は心理的にも強い刻印を押し,人間の性を彩っている。…

【性倒錯】より

…自分自身の肉体を性対象とするオートエロティズム(ナルシシズム),自分と同性を対象とする同性愛,性的に未熟な幼児を対象とする幼児性愛(ペドフィリアpedophilia),老人を対象とする老人性愛(ジェロントフィリアgerontophilia),死体を対象とする屍体性愛(ネクロフィリアnecrophilia),動物(獣,鳥など)を対象とする動物性愛(ゾーフィリアzoophilia,これにもとづく行為が獣姦=ソドミーsodomy),フェティッシュと呼ばれる物品や肉体の一部を性愛の対象とするフェティシズム,親子・同胞と交わる近親相姦など。一方,性目標の異常としては,露出症,窃視症(voyeurism,いわゆる〈のぞき〉),サディズム,マゾヒズム,異性装症ないし服装倒錯(トランスベスティズムtransvestism)などがあげられてきた。異性との性器交接を正常の性交と考えると,これらの行為はいずれも,それによって得られる以上の性的興奮,快感,満足を,これらの性対象や性行為から獲得しようと試みるものとされてきた。…

【同性愛】より

…同性を性愛の対象とすることと定義できる同性愛は,そのイメージを20世紀において大きく変えた。同性愛はすぐれて20世紀的現象であり,人類の歴史において20世紀ほど同性愛者差別問題が激化し,また解放が強く叫ばれた時代はない。そして20世紀末,同性愛者に対する偏見は弱まりつつある。アメリカ精神医学会発行の《精神障害の診断と分類の手引》は1980年版以降,同性愛を削除し,WHO(国連世界保健機構)編纂の《国際疾病分類》も1992年版以降,同性愛を削除した。…

【変装】より

…したがってここでは,〈変装〉という言葉自体がもつニュアンスと時代的な限定性から離れて,一般的かつ原理的に,しばしば歴史的にも重大な意味を担っている,一種の文化現象あるいは社会現象としての変装という行為について,以下考察を加えることとしたい。 なお,〈変装〉という言葉の周辺にある用語上の問題について少し補足すれば,英語のtransvestismという言葉も,オックスフォード英語辞典本巻(1928完結)には未登録の新しい言葉であり,今日文化人類学などでは,一般的に〈変装〉〈異性装〉を意味する言葉としてごくふつうに用いられるものの,多くの一般英語話者の間では,一種の異常性欲としての〈異性装症〉〈服装倒錯〉を指すニュアンスが強いという特殊性をもっている。また,日本語の〈仮装〉という言葉は,典型的な用法としては〈カーニバルの仮装〉〈仮装舞踏会〉といったように,〈変装〉のそれと文脈上の使い分けがなされ,また,〈変装〉がどちらかというと〈変わる〉という行為の局面に重点が置かれるのに対して,〈仮装〉の方は変わったその状態に着目して,それが〈本来の姿ではない〉という虚構性を示唆する,という両者の区別が指摘されたりもするが,ある国語辞典の〈仮装〉の項の説明に〈変装〉という言換えがなされていることにも明らかなように,両者の区別は分明ではない。…

※「transvestism」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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