A dam is made by piling up and compacting earth. In some cases, a core made of clay or other materials is made in the center of the dam to prevent water from entering. The upstream side of the dam is lined with stone or concrete blocks to prevent erosion caused by waves in the reservoir and rainfall, and the top and downstream sides are protected by planting grass to prevent erosion caused by rainfall. The tops are sometimes paved. The soil used for the dam body is easy to obtain and easy to construct, so it has long been built in Japan as a dam for irrigation reservoirs. Even today, dams are mainly built for irrigation purposes, but most are small because they are not very safe against floods and earthquakes. According to the 2011 Dam Yearbook (Japan Dam Association), there are 1,310 earth dams in Japan that are over 15 meters high (about 48% of the total number of dams), but 92% are less than 30 meters high. The tallest dam is the Seiganji Dam (Menda River, Kuma River system, Kumamoto Prefecture, completed in 1978), which is 60.5 meters high. The first earth dam in the world is said to have been built in Mesopotamea around 2000 BC. Many earth dams have been built in various countries. Most are small, but since the second half of the 20th century, large dams over 200 meters high have been built thanks to advances in soil mechanics and construction methods. The tallest existing earth dam is the 300-meter-high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan (completed in 1980), which is the second tallest in the world after China's Jinping No. 1 Dam (arch dam, completed in 2012) at 305 meters high. [Noboru Ikawa] [Reference] |©Shogakukan Library "> Earth dam structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
土を盛り、締め固めてつくるダム。遮水のためにダムの中央部に粘土などで心壁(コア)をつくる場合もある。ダムの上流面は貯水池の波や降雨による浸食を防ぐために石張り、コンクリートブロック張りなどを施し、天端と下流面は降雨による浸食を防ぐために草を植えて防護する。天端は舗装されることもある。堤体材料の土は入手しやすく、施工が簡単なので、日本では古くから灌漑(かんがい)用の溜池(ためいけ)の堰堤(えんてい)としてつくられてきた。現代でもおもに灌漑用のダムとして築造されているが、洪水・地震に対する安全性が低いので、小規模のものが多い。2011年版ダム年鑑(日本ダム協会)によると、日本には高さ15メートル以上のアースダムが1310(ダム総数の約48%)あるが、92%は高さ30メートル以下である。もっとも高いのは高さ60.5メートルの清願寺ダム(熊本県球磨(くま)川水系免田川、1978年竣工)である。 アースダムは世界では紀元前2000年ごろにメソポタメアでつくられたのが最初であるといわれている。いろいろな国で多くのアースダムがつくられている。小規模のものが多いが、20世紀後半以降は土質力学と施工法の進歩により200メートルを超える大きなダムもつくられている。既設アースダムのうちもっとも高いのは高さ300メートルのタジキスタンのヌレークダム(1980年竣工)で、高さ305メートルの中国の錦屏(ジンピン)第1ダム(アーチダム、2012年竣工)に次いで世界で2番目に高い。 [鮏川 登] [参照項目] |©小学館ライブラリー"> アースダムの構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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