Biol

Japanese: ビオル

A general term for bowed string instruments that were widely used in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century. In English, it is called viol, and in Italian, viola. Viol and viol can also refer to viola da gamba. Developed from Spanish lute instruments, it split into two types, viola da gamba and viola da braccio, from the 16th century, and it is said that the violin was born from the latter. The former is similar to the violin family, but differs in that the top of the body is pointed, the back is flat, there are frets, the sound hole is C-shaped, and there are six strings tuned at intervals of fourths and thirds, and the sound volume is small but the tone quality is soft. The instrument is held between the legs or on the legs, and the bow is held with the palm facing up. The latter does not have frets, is mainly tuned in fifths, and the bow is held with the back of the hand facing up like a violin. Other instruments such as the viola d'amore are also classified as violas, but as the performance of early music on original instruments has become widespread, this term, which lumps together instruments other than the violin family, is gradually falling out of use. → Double bass → Related topics Bird | Viola | Monteverdi

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中世以来，18世紀までヨーロッパで盛んに使われた弓奏弦楽器の総称。英語ではバイオルviol，イタリア語ではビオラviola。ビオルとバイオルはビオラ・ダ・ガンバをさす場合もある。スペインのリュート系楽器から発達し，16世紀以降ビオラ・ダ・ガンバとビオラ・ダ・ブラッチョの２つの系統に分かれ，後者からバイオリンが誕生したといわれる。前者の場合もバイオリン属に似るが，胴の上端がとがっている，裏板が平らである，フレットがある，響孔がC字形である，弦が６本で４度と３度の間隔で調弦されるなどの点が異なり，音量は小さいが，音質はやわらかい。楽器は両脚ではさんだり，脚の上にのせ，掌(てのひら)を上向きに弓を持って演奏する。後者にはフレットがなく，主に５度調弦で，弓もバイオリン同様手の甲を上にして握られる。ほかにビオラ・ダモーレなどの楽器がビオル属に分類されるが，オリジナル楽器による古楽の演奏が広く浸透した今日，バイオリン属以外の楽器をひとまとめにしたこの呼称はしだいに用いられなくなってきている。→コントラバス
→関連項目バード｜ビオラ｜モンテベルディ

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