Double refraction

Japanese: 複屈折 - ふくくっせつ(英語表記)double refraction
Double refraction

When light is incident on an anisotropic medium, two refracted rays are produced due to the difference in the polarization direction. If you draw a red dot on a piece of white paper, place a single crystal of calcite on it, and look at it from above, you will see two red dots. This is birefringence. One of the dots is in the position originally drawn on the paper, but the other dot appears to be shifted from that position. If you rotate the calcite while it is still on the paper, the red dot that coincides with the position of the dot on the paper will remain the same, but the other red dot will move on a circle centered on the former, and will return to its original position after the calcite has made one revolution. This other dot is produced when the light ray emitted from the red dot on the paper is refracted abnormally inside the calcite and emerges upward. This type of light ray is called an extraordinary ray. In contrast, a light ray that travels to coincide with the original dot is called an ordinary ray. The phenomenon of double refraction in calcite was first reported in 1669 by Erasmus Bartholinus (1625-1698) of Denmark, which led to a remarkable development in research into the nature of light. The Academie de Paris also offered a prize for a paper that would mathematically explain double refraction. Research into double refraction later led to the discovery of polarized light by Fresnel and Arago, and the proposal of the transverse wave theory of light.

[Kouzo Ishiguro and Takahiro Kuga]

[References] | Refraction | Polarization | Calcite

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

光を非等方性の媒質に入射させたとき、偏光方向の違いにより二つの屈折光線を生じる現象。白紙の上に赤い点を1個描き、この上に方解石の単結晶をのせて上方から見ると、赤い点が2個になって見える。これが複屈折である。一方はもともとの紙面に描かれた位置にあるが、もう一方の点はそれからずれて見える。紙面にのせたままで方解石を回転させると、紙面上の点の位置に一致している赤い点はそのままであるが、もう一方の赤い点は前者を中心とした円周上を移動し、方解石が一回りすると元の位置に戻る。このもう一方の点は、紙面上の赤い点から出た光線が方解石内で異常な屈折をして上方に出てきたために生じたものである。このような光線を異常光線という。これに対し、元の点に一致するように進んでくる光線を常光線という。方解石の複屈折現象は1669年にデンマークのバルトリヌスErasmus Bartholinus(1625―1698)により初めて報告され、これを契機として光の本質についての研究が目覚ましく発展した。パリの学士院も、複屈折を数学的に説明する論文を賞金付きで募集した。複屈折の研究は、のちにフレネル、アラゴによる偏光の発見、光の横波説の提唱へとつながっていく。

[石黒浩三・久我隆弘]

[参照項目] | 屈折 | 偏光 | 方解石

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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