Tungusic peoples - Tungus

Japanese: ツングース語系諸族 - ツングースごけいしょぞく(英語表記)Tungus
Tungusic peoples - Tungus
A general term for people who speak Manchu-Tungusic, one of the Altaic languages. This includes the Evenki, Even, Negidal, Uliqi, Orochi, Orok, Nanai, Udege, and Manchu, and is distributed over a wide area, from the Ob and Irtysh rivers in the west to the Pacific coast in the east, throughout Siberia. Traditionally, these peoples have been divided into two groups based on language: the north and the south. In recent years, however, in an attempt to eliminate the many problems of this dichotomy, there has been a broad classification into the Manchus, who speak Manchu, and the other peoples. The former expanded with the founding of the Qing dynasty, but today they live in northeastern China and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The latter peoples all live within the former Soviet Union. The languages ​​used by the latter peoples can be referred to as Tungusic, and can be further divided into Siberian and Amuric languages. Of the Siberian language-speaking peoples, the Evenki and Even have the widest distribution and largest populations, and it was mainly these two peoples that were once referred to as Tungus. There are significant regional differences in occupations due to the natural environment and historical background of the area in which they live, but reindeer farming and hunting are the predominant occupations among the Evenki and Even, while the Amuric language-speaking peoples such as the Nanai, Orochi, and Orok are primarily sedentary fishery and hunting. There are various theories about the original homeland of the Tungusic language peoples, but it is becoming clear from comparative studies of language, clan names, material culture, and folklore, as well as archaeology and ancient history, that groups with a common language and cultural elements underwent repeated wave-like migrations over an extremely long period of time, leading to the present-day distribution of these peoples.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
アルタイ諸語の一つである満州=ツングース語を話す民族の総称。このなかにはエベンキ族,エベン族,ネギダル族,ウリチ族,オロチ族,オロッコ族,ナーナイ族,ウデヘ族,満州族などが含まれ,その分布は全体としてきわめて広く,西はオビ,イルティシ両川から,東は太平洋沿岸に達するシベリア全域である。従来,これらの諸民族は言語上から南北2派に分けられるのが慣例であったが,近年にはこの2分法の少なからぬ問題点を排する試みとして満州語を用いる満州族とそれ以外の諸民族とに大別する分類がある。前者は,かつて清朝を興して拡大したが,今日では中国東北地区と,シンチヤン (新疆) ウイグル自治区に住む。後者の諸民族はすべて旧ソ連領内に在住する。後者の用いる諸言語のみをさしてツングース語ということもあり,またさらにそれを細分してシベリア諸語とアムール諸語に分類できる。シベリア諸語を話す民族のうち最も広大な分布を有し,人口の多いのはエベンキとエベンで,かつてツングースと称されたのは主としてこの2民族である。生業は居住地域の自然環境や歴史的背景により地域的差異が著しいが,エベンキ,エベンでは主としてトナカイ飼養,狩猟が卓越しているのに対し,ナーナイ,オロチ,オロッコなどアムール諸語を話す民族では定住的な漁労,狩猟が基本をなしている。ツングース語系諸族の原郷地については諸説があるが,共通の言語,文化要素をもった集団がきわめて長期にわたって波動的な移動を繰返し,現今のような分布をなすにいたったことが言語をはじめ氏族名,物質文化,伝承などの比較研究,考古学,古代史学などから明らかにされつつある。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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