Ulcer - Canker

Japanese: 潰瘍 - かいよう
Ulcer - Canker

When a substance is lost in the skin or mucous membrane of a living body that faces the outside or a cavity that is connected to the outside, this is generally called an ulcer. However, when the loss of skin is limited to the very surface, or when the loss of mucous membrane does not extend beyond the muscularis mucosa, it is called erosion and is distinguished from an ulcer. An ulcer occurs when a tissue loss causes necrosis (localized death of tissue) in that area, which then falls off or melts. There are various causes of necrosis, including localized nutritional disorders caused by blood circulation disorders (infarction), temperature effects such as high or low temperatures, effects of drugs or poisons, mechanical effects, damage caused by pressure, effects of electric current or radiation such as X-rays or radium, nerve disorders (such as Raynaud's disease), and the accidental leakage of glandular secretions or excretions into tissue.

Clinically, diseases that form ulcers in the digestive tract are emphasized. Gastric and duodenal ulcers are typical examples, and acute ulcers often occur multiple times and are seen in conjunction with uremia, head trauma, or extensive burns. On the other hand, chronic ulcers are called callus ulcers because the connective tissue fibers increase around the ulcer, making it hard and raised, and are also commonly called peptic ulcers because the digestive action of gastric juice is thought to be important. Chronic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum are known to cause bleeding, perforation, stenosis, and cancer, and theories such as blood circulation disorder, gastritis, nervous stress, and endocrine disease have been proposed as causes of these ulcers, in addition to the theory that gastric juice is digested. Gastric ulcers are a disease that occurs frequently in men in their 40s, and duodenal ulcers in their 20s. Typhoid fever and intestinal tuberculosis are diseases that cause ulcers in the small intestine, especially the ileum, while bacterial dysentery and amebic dysentery are known to cause ulcers in the large intestine. Even more unusual are regional ileitis (Crohn's disease), which is accompanied by small ulcers at the end of the ileum of the small intestine, and ulcerative colitis, in which multiple ulcers develop and heal throughout the large intestine.

[Yutaka Watanabe]

Both regional ileitis and ulcerative colitis are diseases of unknown cause and are designated as target diseases in the national research program for the treatment of specific diseases. They are also known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

[Editorial Department]

[Reference item] | Stomach/duodenal ulcer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生体が外側あるいは外側と連絡している腔(こう)に面している部分、すなわち皮膚や粘膜の一部に物質欠損を生じた場合、これを一般に潰瘍とよんでいる。ただし、皮膚の欠損がごく表層に限られていたり、粘膜の欠損が粘膜筋板を越えない場合は、びらん(糜爛)とよび、潰瘍とは区別されている。潰瘍は、組織の一部におきた欠損によって、その部分に壊死(えし)(局所的な組織の死)がおこり、それが脱落あるいは融解して生ずるものである。壊死の原因には、血液の循環障害による局所的な栄養障害(梗塞(こうそく))のほか、高熱・低温などの温度作用、薬物・毒物の作用、機械的な作用、圧迫による障害、電流あるいはレントゲンやラジウムなどの放射線の作用、神経の障害(レイノー病など)、腺(せん)分泌ないしは排泄(はいせつ)物が誤って組織内に流出した場合など、さまざまな因子があげられる。

 臨床的には、消化管に潰瘍を形成する諸疾患が重視されている。胃および十二指腸の潰瘍が代表例であり、急性のものは多発することが多く、尿毒症、頭部外傷後、あるいは広範な火傷などに合併してみられる。一方、慢性のものは潰瘍の周辺に結合組織線維が増えるため、硬く盛り上がった状態になるので、胼胝(べんち)性潰瘍とよばれたり、胃液の消化作用が重要な関係を有するとの考えから、消化性潰瘍とも呼び習わされている。胃および十二指腸の慢性潰瘍は、出血、穿孔(せんこう)、狭窄(きょうさく)、癌化(がんか)をおこすことが知られており、その原因としては、胃液の消化説以外に、血行障害説、胃炎説、神経ストレス説、内分泌説などが提唱されている。胃潰瘍は40歳代の、十二指腸潰瘍は20歳代の男性に好発する疾患である。腸チフス、腸結核症は小腸、とくに回腸に潰瘍を形成する疾患であり、細菌性赤痢(せきり)、アメーバ赤痢は大腸に潰瘍をつくる病気として知られている。さらに特殊なものとして、小腸の回腸末端に小さい潰瘍を伴う限局性回腸炎(クローンCrohn病)と、大腸全体に潰瘍が多発、癒合する潰瘍性大腸炎がある。

[渡辺 裕]

 限局性回腸炎と潰瘍性大腸炎はともに原因不明の病気で、国の特定疾患治療研究事業対象疾患に指定され、炎症性腸疾患(IBD)ともよばれる。

[編集部]

[参照項目] | 胃・十二指腸潰瘍

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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