A person who specializes in buying and selling artworks, especially paintings. Looking at European history, art dealers appeared with the development of capitalism. Artworks have been bought and sold since ancient times, but most of the buying and selling was done directly by kings, nobles, and temples, and it was only after the Renaissance that a person who could act as an intermediary between artists and artists became necessary. At first, it was the job of monks who mediated between people, or the painters themselves, but with the collapse of the medieval guild system, it became independent as a separate profession. Art dealers, or more broadly speaking, art dealers, were born in the mid-18th century, and well-known names include Gersant, Lebrun, Lazare, and Dubos. They were merchants who dealt with a small number of big bourgeois, and mainly dealt in antiques. Before that, in the 16th and 17th centuries, auctioneers who handled all kinds of goods also handled artworks, and it is thought that specialized dealers were differentiated from them, but on the other hand, many people also switched from art supply stores. The modern definition of art dealer, that is, the profession of dealing exclusively in the works of contemporary artists, was established in the mid-19th century. The first art dealers were Durand-Ruel and Bernheim Jeune in Paris. They introduced works from the successive generations of artists who appeared, such as the Barbizon School, the Impressionists, and the Post-Impressionists, and by the end of the 19th century they had achieved economic success. As a result, they produced many followers, and their fierce mutual competition opened up the art market, causing the prices of popular artists to soar, and the buying and selling of art became a completely capitalist profession. The history of modern art is also the history of the complex relationship between painters and art dealers, as exemplified by Vollard and Cézanne, and Kahnweiler and Picasso. Art dealers first appeared in Japan at the end of the Muromachi period, and as the economic power of the townspeople class improved in the Edo period, their desire for culture increased and a fairly active art market was born in the latter half of the Edo period. The first modern forms of art dealers emerged at the end of the late Meiji period, with the establishment of a new art department by Mitsui Gofukuten (now Mitsukoshi) in 1907 (Meiji 40) and Takamura Kotaro opening Japan's first art gallery, Rokando, in Awajicho, Kanda, Tokyo in 1910. [Shinichi Segi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
美術品のうち、とくに絵画類を専門に売買する人。ヨーロッパ史をみると、画商が出現するのは資本主義の進展に伴っている。美術品の売買は古くからあったが、その大部分は、王侯、貴族、寺院の直接的な依頼、購入によるものであり、制作者との間を仲介する人間が必要となったのはルネサンス以降である。それも初めは、人と人の間をなにかととりもつ僧侶(そうりょ)の仕事であったり、画家自身の仕事であったりしたが、中世的なギルド組織の崩壊とともに、独自の職業として自立することとなった。画商、より広くいえば美術商の誕生は18世紀の中ごろで、ジェルサン、ルブラン、ラザール、デュボといった名前が知られている。彼らは少数の大ブルジョアを相手とし、骨董(こっとう)品を主とする商人だった。それ以前の16、17世紀から、あらゆる物品を扱う競売業者が美術品をも扱っていて、そのなかから、専門商が分化したと考えられているが、他方、画材店から転向した人も少なくない。 近代的な意味での画商、すなわち同時代の画家の作品をもっぱら商う職業が成立するのは19世紀中期であり、その最初の人として、パリのデュラン・リュエルやベルネーム・ジューヌがあげられる。彼らは、バルビゾン派、印象派、そして後期印象派と、相次いで登場する同世代の作品を世に送り出し、19世紀の末には経済的に成功した。その結果、多数の追随者を輩出させ、彼らの激烈な相互競争によって、美術市場が開け、人気作家の価格は高騰し、美術品の売買は完全に資本主義的な職業となった。現代美術の歴史は、画家と画商との複雑な関係史でもあり、ボラールとセザンヌ、カーンワイラーとピカソの例がそれである。 日本に美術商が発生したのは室町時代の末であり、江戸時代に入って町人階級の経済力の向上に伴い、文化への欲求が高まるとともに、後期には相当活発な美術市場が生まれている。近代的な形態での画商の発生は明治後期末で、1907年(明治40)に三井呉服店(現在の三越)が新美術部を設けたこと、また1910年に高村光太郎が東京・神田淡路(あわじ)町に日本最初の画廊琅玕洞(ろうかんどう)を開いたのが最初の例と考えられる。 [瀬木慎一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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