universities

Japanese: universitas
universities

…Christianity, Islam, and Judaism were allowed to coexist, and doctors here were given the right to teach medicine by the feudal lord, regardless of their nationality or religion (University of Montpellier). Furthermore, with permission from the Pope, they established a medical teacher's association, the Universitas medicorum (1220). The system of having the feudal lord issue a license to practice medicine and the system of the teaching association having the right to teach were both adaptations of the guild system in medieval European cities, and they soon spread to other parts of Europe. …

[University of Bologna]

...It is said that a school of law and liberal arts had already existed in Bologna in the 10th century, but the law school became famous at the end of the 11th century when Pepo taught Roman law, and in the 12th century when Irnerius taught canon law, and Gratian taught church law. Students from these law schools formed a student union (universitas) as an autonomous organization during the general movement of union formation at the time, and the world's oldest spontaneous medieval university, the studium generale, was established. The date of its establishment is unknown, but it is usually said that its existence was first officially recognized by a charter of privileges (abbreviated as habita) granted to law students by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I in 1158.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "universitas" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…キリスト教,イスラム教,ユダヤ教の共存が許されており,ここで医師たちは,国籍や宗教を問わず医学を教える権利を領主から与えられていた(モンペリエ大学)。さらに彼らは,ローマ法王から許可を得て,医学教師たちの組合,ウニウェルシタス・メディコルムUniversitas medicorumを設立した(1220)。開業免許証を領主から出させる方式,教師団が教育する権利をもつ方式,いずれも中世ヨーロッパの都市におけるギルド制度を適用したものであり,やがてヨーロッパ各地にも普及するようになる。…

【ボローニャ大学】より

…ボローニャでは10世紀にすでに法学と教養諸学の学校が存在していたといわれるが,11世紀末にペポ,12世紀にイルネリウスがローマ法を教え,グラティアヌスが教会法を教えて,法学校が著名となった。これら法学校の学生が当時の組合結成という一般的運動の中で,自治団体としての学生組合universitasを形成して,世界最古の自然発生的な中世大学studium generaleが成立した。その成立時期については不明であるが,通常,1158年に神聖ローマ皇帝フリードリヒ1世が法学生に対して与えた特権の特許状(habitaと略称される)によって初めてその存在が公認されたとされる。…

※「universitas」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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