A glandular tissue in humans or animals that is composed of epithelial cells with secretory function; the opposite of endocrine gland. Some glands are unicellular (such as mucus-secreting goblet cells and hatching enzyme glands in fish), but most are multicellular and are divided into secretory cells and ducts. Secretions produced by secretory cells are secreted through the ducts onto the body surface and onto luminal surfaces such as the digestive tract. Three types of secretion are generally distinguished: partial, exocrine, and total. Partial secretion is when the secretion is released through the cell membrane of the secretory cell. In exocrine, a part of the secretory cell separates from the cell body along with the secretion and is released into the duct, while total secretion is when the entire secretory cell is destroyed and released into the duct. Most exocrine glands in humans and animals are segmentally secreting, including sweat glands, mucous glands, and serous glands that secrete fluids to the surface of the body, as well as glands that secrete fluids to the lumenal surface, serous glands, and glands that secrete digestive fluids. Mammary glands are considered to be exocrine. Sebaceous glands are holocrine, as is the midgut gland of crustaceans. Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that they do not have ducts and secrete substances (hormones) are released into the bloodstream. [Kazuyo Shimai and Sadao Yasugi] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
分泌機能をもつ上皮細胞によって構成されている、ヒトあるいは動物の腺組織で、内分泌腺の対語。単細胞腺(粘液を分泌する杯細胞や魚類の孵化(ふか)酵素腺など)もあるが、多くは多細胞からなり、分泌細胞と導管(分泌管)に分かれる。分泌細胞によって産出された分泌物は、導管を通り、体表面、および消化管のような内腔表面に分泌される。分泌様式は一般に3種類が区別される。すなわち、部分分泌、離出分泌、全分泌である。部分分泌とは、分泌物が分泌細胞の細胞膜を通して放出される様式である。離出分泌は分泌物とともに分泌細胞の一部分が細胞体から分離して導管に出される様式であり、全分泌は分泌細胞全体が破壊されて導管内に放出される様式である。 ヒトあるいは動物の大部分の外分泌腺は部分分泌で、体表面に分泌される汗腺、粘液腺、漿液(しょうえき)腺のほか、内腔表面に分泌される粘液腺、漿液腺、あるいは消化液を分泌する腺などは、いずれも部分分泌に属する。乳腺は離出分泌と考えられる。皮脂腺は全分泌の様式をとり、甲殻類の中腸腺もその一例である。 なお、内分泌腺の場合には導管がなく、分泌物(ホルモン)は血管内に放出される点が外分泌腺と異なる。 [嶋井和世・八杉貞雄] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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