This refers to grasshoppers that move in large swarms and eat up all the green grass in the land they pass through. Recently, they are often called migrant locusts, migratory locusts, or flying locusts. There are about 20 species of locusts known in the world, including the migratory locust in China, the desert locust in the Middle East and India, the Moroccan locust in Africa, and the Rocky Mountain locust in North America. Since ancient times, the most harmful insect in China has been the locust, which is also written as locust, but in Japanese history, as in other academic fields, the writing style was initially imitated from China, so when there was a major outbreak of pests, it was recorded as "This year, in the summer, locusts eat rice, causing a famine throughout the country." However, in reality, there are few true locusts in Japan, and the term locust should be interpreted as a general term for rice pests, and of course it does not refer to the locusts of today. The Chinese locusts are the same species as the migratory locusts in Japan, and have a wide distribution range except for North and South America and extremely cold regions. They have changed to a gregarious phase, which allows them to live in groups and migrate. Normally, the solitary phase locusts that live alone in the grasslands are greenish and have a high pronotum, while the gregarious phase locusts are brown all over, have a large head (width), long wings, short hind legs, and a depression in the center of the pronotum. As environmental factors change, the phase does not change suddenly, but gradually increases the number of intermediate types (transition phases) that live in groups, and finally changes to a gregarious phase. The common characteristics of the areas where they originate are dry areas with well-drained gravel soil and sparse vegetation. These environments are often found in large river basins and deserts, and in general areas they occur in years of continuous dry weather. In China, more than 1,330 outbreaks were recorded between the 2nd century BC and the 19th century, but in Japan, the details of the old records are unclear, and only a record of the mosquito flying over the skies of Edo in 1770-1771 (Meiwa 7-8) and an astonishing outbreak in Hokkaido in 1880-1884 (Meiji 13-17) are known. After that, three local outbreaks were confirmed in Hokkaido between 1929-1930 (Showa 4-5), and small outbreaks were confirmed in Okinawa, Chiba Prefecture, and the Ogasawara Islands during the Meiji period, but outbreaks in all of these areas have been suppressed by environmental changes caused by development, etc. However, there was a large outbreak on Kitadaito Island in 1974 (Showa 49) and on Mage Island south of Kyushu in 1985. The colonial and solitary phases of the migratory locust were once believed to be different species, but it was discovered that the two are types of the same species due to differences in density. This was named phase variation by the British researcher Uvarov (1921), and it was later recognized that other locust species also have similar phase variations. Locusts have caused great damage all over the world since ancient times, but research on them was promoted by the discovery of phase variation, and especially after World War II, the Anti-Locust Research Centre was established in the UK, research was expanded in France, and countries in Africa and the Middle East, which are heavily affected, cooperated and made great progress. As a result, it has become possible to some extent to control the locust transformation in Africa, but it is still not possible for the desert locust. Therefore, the occurrence of locusts continues, and it is a source of trouble for affected countries. It is said that the number of desert locust locusts reaches 50 million per square kilometer. [Takehiko Nakane] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大群をなして移動し、通過する土地の青い草を食べ尽くすバッタ類をいう。最近は移住バッタ、ワタリバッタまたはトビバッタとよばれることが多い。飛蝗になる種類は世界に約20種知られており、中国のトノサマバッタ、中近東からインドにかけているサバクバッタ(砂漠飛蝗)、アフリカにいるモロッコ飛蝗、北アメリカのロッキー山飛蝗などが有名である。古くから中国でもっとも害のあるものは飛蝗で、単に蝗とも書いているが、日本の歴史のなかでは、ほかの学問と同様に初め中国の書き方をまねたので、害虫の大発生があると「此歳(このとし)夏蝗食稲天下飢饉(ききん)」などと記録したが、実は日本では真の飛蝗は少なく、蝗としたものはイネの害虫の総称と解すべきであって、もちろん現在のイナゴをさすものでもない。 中国の飛蝗は日本にいるトノサマバッタと同じ種で、南・北アメリカと極寒地を除く広い分布域をもち、群生して移住する性質をもつ群生相という性質に変わったもので、普通、草原に単独で生活する孤独相のトノサマバッタが緑色を帯び、前胸背面が中高であるのに対し、群生相では全体が褐色で頭(幅)が大きく、はねが長く、後脚が短く、前胸背面の中央がくぼんでいる。環境要因の変化に伴って、急に相が転換するのではなく、しだいに群がってすむ性質をもつ中間型(転移相)の数を増し、ついには群生相に変わる。発生地の共通の特色は、水はけのよい砂礫土(されきど)をもつ乾燥地で、そのうえ植物がまばらである点などであって、これらの環境は大河の流域や砂漠などに多く、一般の土地では干天続きの年に起こる。 中国では紀元前2世紀から後19世紀にかけて1330回以上の大発生が記録されているが、日本では古い記録の詳細は不明で、わずかに1770~1771年(明和7~8)に江戸の空を渡った記録と、1880~1884年(明治13~17)に北海道で驚異的な大発生があったことが知られているだけである。その後は1929~1930年(昭和4~5)までの間に北海道で3回地域的な発生が認められ、明治時代に沖縄や千葉県、小笠原(おがさわら)諸島で小発生が認められただけで、いずれの土地も開発などによる環境の変化によって発生が抑えられている。ただ1974年(昭和49)には北大東(きただいとう)島で、また1985年には九州南方の馬毛(まげ)島で大発生が起こった。 トノサマバッタの群生相と孤独相は昔は別の種であると信じられていたが、両者が同一種の密度の相違による型であることがわかり、相変異と名づけられたのはイギリスのウバロフUvarovの研究(1921)によるもので、その後ほかの飛蝗の種類についても同様の相変異があることが認められるようになった。飛蝗は世界各地で古くから大きな被害があったが、これに対する研究は相変異の発見によって促進され、とくに第二次世界大戦以後はイギリスに対蝗研究センターAnti-Locust Research Centreが設立され、フランスにおいても研究が拡張され、被害の多いアフリカ、中近東などの諸国も協力して飛躍的に進歩した。その結果アフリカでのトノサマバッタの飛蝗化の制御はある程度可能となったが、サバクバッタではまだ不可能である。したがって飛蝗の発生は後を絶たず、被害諸国の悩みの種になっている。サバクバッタの飛蝗は1平方キロメートルに5000万個体にも達するといわれる。 [中根猛彦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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