League of Iroquois

Japanese: イロコイ同盟 - いろこいどうめい(英語表記)League of Iroquois
League of Iroquois

A political alliance of five Native American tribes (the Mohawk, Oneida, Onandaga, Seneca, and Cayuga) who lived in the region between the Hudson River and the Genesee River in upstate New York, formed between the 16th century and the time of the American Revolutionary War before contact with white people. In the first half of the 18th century, the Tuscarora joined, forming a confederation of six tribes.

According to legend, the Iroquois League was formed around 1570 by the heroes Decanawayda and Hiwotha to ensure peace among the tribes. The Grand Council was made up of 50 peacetime chiefs selected from the councils of each of the autonomous tribes. It met once a year in Onandaga, New York, to discuss judicial, legislative, and military issues proposed by the representatives of each tribe, and made unanimous decisions. The function of this league was best demonstrated when it maintained a neutral position during the conflict between the British and French powers from 1701 until the Revolutionary War. There is also a theory that this confederation was used as a model for the federal system when the United States Constitution was established, but there is no confirmation. It is well known that the ethnologist L. H. Morgan, who studied the Iroquois League, revealed its social function in his books "The Iroquois League" (1851) and "Ancient Society" (1871), which influenced the theories of Marx and Engels.

[Tomita Torao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北アメリカの五つの先住民集団(ニューヨーク北部のハドソン川とジェネシー川との間の地方に住んでいたモホーク、オナイダ、オナンダーガ、セネカ、ケユーガ)が、白人との接触以前の16世紀からアメリカ独立革命期までの間に結成していた政治的連合。18世紀前半にタスカローラが加入し6部族連合となった。

 伝説では、1570年ごろに英雄デカナワイダとハイウォサによって、部族集団間の平和のため結成されたといわれる。自治権をもつ各部族集団の協議会から代表として選ばれた50人の平時の長が、大協議会を構成した。それは年1回、ニューヨークのオナンダーガで開かれ、各部族の代表から提案された司法、立法、軍事上の諸問題を討議し、全会一致方式で議決した。この同盟の機能は、1701年から独立戦争期までの間、英仏両勢力の争いのなかで中立の立場を維持したときにもっともよく発揮された。また、この連合方式は、アメリカ合衆国憲法制定の際、連邦制度のモデルとされたとする説があるが、確証はない。なお、イロコイ同盟を研究した民族学者L・H・モルガン(モーガン)が著書『イロコイ同盟』(1851)や『古代社会』(1871)でその社会的な機能を明らかにし、マルクスとエンゲルスの学説に影響を与えたことは有名である。

[富田虎男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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