Resource import methods can be broadly categorized into simple imports and exploitation imports. Simple imports are when resources are imported through normal trade transactions, whereas exploitation imports are when the importing country directly or indirectly participates in the resource development and imports resources that have been developed there. In the narrow sense, development imports refer to resource imports through direct investment in overseas resource development projects, but it is usually interpreted broadly to include loan purchases. This loan purchase method is a method of lending to resource development on the condition of purchasing privileges. Recently, the production sharing method (PS method) has been adopted as one form of loan purchases. Instead of settling the loan amount in cash, the debt is collected in kind (with the products produced there) according to the principle of equal distribution of the actual goods with the counterparty. The advantage of these methods is that they ensure a more stable supply than simple purchases. Generally speaking, the loan purchase method is often adopted in the Andean countries, while the production sharing method is said to be dominant in Indonesia, where the foreign capital law is strict. Next, resource imports through direct investment, which is development imports in the narrow sense, are when companies in the importing country make direct investments in overseas resource development projects at their own risk and directly participate in management, with the aim of not only pursuing profits as a resource industry, but also acquiring the resources produced there at a stable price and quantity over the long term. In addition, such direct investments in resource development projects are classified into those in the form of corporations in the investing country and those in the form of local corporations, and the latter can be further divided into those that take the form of wholly owned subsidiaries in which the importing country company has a 100% investment, and those that take the form of joint ventures with the host country government or companies. In the case of Japan, since there is a lot of participation in projects in developing countries, many of them take the form of joint ventures in consideration of resource nationalism. The aim of these narrowly defined development imports is, first, to ensure a stable supply of resources, and second, to mitigate the impact of fluctuations in international market prices and to avoid price control by international resource capital. At the same time, resource exporting countries can enjoy benefits such as increased export income, promotion of employment growth, correction of trade imbalances, and introduction of technology. However, on the other hand, it should not be forgotten that development imports also have the disadvantage of being accompanied by extremely large risks for importing countries. [Shigeo Irie] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
資源の輸入方式を大別すると、単純輸入と開発輸入とに分類することができる。単純輸入が通常の貿易取引を通して資源を輸入するものであるのに対して、開発輸入は輸入国が資源開発に直接的もしくは間接的に参加することによって、そこで開発された資源を輸入することをいう。 狭義の開発輸入とは海外の資源開発事業への直接投資による資源輸入をいうが、通常はそれを広義に解釈して融資買鉱方式をも含めている。この融資買鉱方式とは、買付け特権を条件に資源開発に融資するという方法である。最近では、こういった融資買鉱の一形態として生産物分与方式(PS方式)が採用されている。これは融資額を現金決済するかわりに、相手先との現物の均等配分の原則に従って現物で(そこで生産された生産物で)債権の回収を図るというものである。これらの方式のメリットは、単純買鉱よりも安定的な供給が確保されることにある。一般的にみると、融資買鉱方式はアンデス諸国で採用されることが多く、外資法の厳しいインドネシアでは生産物分与方式が支配的であるといわれている。 次に、狭義の開発輸入である直接投資による資源輸入とは、輸入国の企業が自らのリスクで海外の資源開発事業への直接投資を行い、経営に直接参加することによって、資源産業として利潤を追求することにとどまらず、そこで生産された資源を長期的に安定した価格・数量で取得することを目的としたものである。また、こういった資源開発事業への直接投資は投資国法人形式のものと現地法人形式のものとに分類されるが、さらに後者には、輸入国企業が100%出資を行う完全所有子会社の形態をとるものと、受入国政府もしくは受入国企業との合弁事業形態をとるものとがある。わが国の場合には、開発途上国での事業参加が多いところから、資源ナショナリズムを考慮して合弁事業形態をとるものが多い。 これらの狭義の開発輸入のねらいとするところは、第一に資源の安定確保であり、第二には国際市場価格の変動による影響を緩和でき、かつ国際資源資本による価格支配から免れうることにある。また同時に、資源輸出国はこれによって、輸出所得の増加、雇用増大の促進、貿易の不均衡の是正、技術の導入などのメリットを享受することができる。しかし、その反面では、輸入国にとって開発輸入にはきわめて大きなリスクが伴うというデメリットがあることも忘れてはならない。 [入江成雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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