This refers to a system that provides for the automatic and uniform termination of employment relationships when a worker reaches a certain age, regardless of the worker's will, ability, or need to work. [Mitomi Noriyoshi] historyIn Japan, it is said that some large companies began to set up systems targeting employees at the end of the Meiji era. The number of such systems then rapidly increased from after World War I through the early Showa era, and by around 1935 (Showa 10), roughly half of the large companies had systems in place that set the retirement age at 55, and some for operational workers at 50. Retirement systems became mainstream around 1950 (Showa 25), after World War II, but this was only at large companies, and they were still not widely adopted by small and medium-sized enterprises. During the period of high economic growth, the system was almost entirely institutionalized at large companies, and this movement spread to small and medium-sized enterprises as well. [Mitomi Noriyoshi] FeaturesOne of the characteristics of the Japanese mandatory retirement system is that the retirement age (55 years old) is not connected to the age at which old-age pensions are paid (60 years old). In Western countries, it is common for employed workers to retire when they receive their pension, and for the employment relationship to continue until then. This practice began after the Second World War, when the public pension system was fully established and private pension systems became widespread. In the 1970s, the idea of "flexible retirement" was incorporated into the public pension system, allowing elderly people to choose from several methods when deciding to retire. In this case, too, pension benefits and old-age retirement are connected. In contrast, in Japan, the termination of an employment contract at a certain age had almost no connection to the public pension system. This problem seemed to be solved with the introduction of the mandatory retirement age of 60 years old. However, the gap between the retirement age and the age at which old-age pensions are paid will reappear with the gradual increase in the pension age from fiscal year 2001. Another characteristic of this system is that it automatically fires the elderly. In Western public pension systems, there are few provisions requiring retirement at the pensionable age. Although private pension systems may have provisions requiring retirement at the pensionable age, these are merely pension system provisions and not employment-related retirement systems. Subsequent "flexible retirement" measures have further expanded the options available to older workers when deciding to retire. As a result, in the United States and Germany, the number of new pension awards before the normal retirement age exceeds that at the normal retirement age, while in France and the United Kingdom, those after the normal retirement age account for a considerable proportion. In contrast, Japan's mandatory retirement system formed a pattern of old-age retirement before the war, when the system was established, but today it has lost its substance as old-age retirement. [Mitomi Noriyoshi] IssuesThe percentage of establishments with a mandatory retirement age was 73.5% in 2008, while the percentage of establishments without a mandatory retirement age was 26.5%. Of the establishments with a mandatory retirement age, the percentage of establishments that set it uniformly was 67.1%, of which the percentage of establishments with a mandatory retirement age of 60 was the highest at 82.0%, while the percentage of establishments with a mandatory retirement age of 65 or over was 14.8%. The labor force is expected to decrease due to the rapid aging of the population and low birthrate, and the so-called "baby boomer" generation will reach the age of 65 in 2012. As a result, it has become an important issue to secure jobs for the elderly by encouraging the retirement age of 65 or the abolition of the retirement age system. In addition, from the perspective of the high desire to work among the elderly in Japan and the need to secure human resources in small and medium-sized enterprises, it is also important to realize "companies where employees can work until age 70." The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Retirement Age Raising Incentive Subsidy is provided to business establishments that raise the retirement age to 65 or above, introduce a system of continued employment until age 70 or above for all employees who wish to do so, or abolish the retirement age system. The retirement age system, which started at 55, has gone through a period in which 60 has become the norm, and is now being extended to 65 or older, or even abolished. [Mitomi Noriyoshi] "After Retirement: A Guide to Another Life," 3rd Edition (2003, Iwanami Shoten, edited by the Iwanami Shoten editorial department ; "The Actual Situation of Measures to Ensure Employment of the Elderly and the Realization of Companies Where People Can Work Until Age 70: Second Report" (2009), edited and published by the Japan Organization for Employment of the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities. [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
労働者が一定の年齢に達した場合に、その意思と能力および労働の必要性にかかわりなく自動的かつ画一的に雇用関係を解消することを定めた制度をいう。 [三富紀敬] 歴史日本では、明治の終わりころには一部の大企業で職員層を対象にする制度が設置され始めたといわれる。その後第一次世界大戦後から昭和初期に急速に増加し、1935年(昭和10)ころまでには、大企業の半分ほどに55歳、現業労働者層には一部50歳の制度が設置された。定年制が支配的になるのは第二次世界大戦後の1950年(昭和25)前後であるが、それも大企業においてであり、中小企業への普及は依然として少なかった。高度成長期には、大企業においてほとんど制度化され、この動きは中小企業にも広まった。 [三富紀敬] 特徴日本の定年制の特徴の一つは、この制度に定める退職年齢(55歳)が老齢年金の支給開始年齢(60歳)と接続していなかったことである。欧米諸国では、雇用労働者の老齢退職は年金の支給を契機に行われ、それまでは雇用関係が継続されるのが一般化している。この慣行は、公的年金制度が本格的に確立し、また私的年金制度が普及する第二次世界大戦後のことである。1970年代に入ると、公的年金制度に「柔軟な引退」という考え方が組み込まれ、これによって高齢者は、退職を決定するにあたっていくつかの方法を選択できるようになった。この場合にも、年金受給と老齢退職とは接続されている。これに比べて日本では、一定年齢での雇用契約の終了が公的年金制度とはほとんど関連をもたなかった。この問題は、60歳定年制の導入とともに解決されたかにみえる。しかし、定年年齢と老齢年金支給開始年齢とのギャップは、2001年度からの年金支給開始年齢の段階的な引上げとともにふたたび生じることになる。 これと並ぶいま一つの特徴は、高齢者を自動的に解雇する制度であるということである。欧米の公的年金制度では、年金支給開始年齢での退職を求める規定は少ない。もっとも、私的年金制度に年金支給開始年齢での退職を求める条項のある場合があるが、それもあくまで年金制度上のものであって、雇用にかかわる退職制度ではない。その後の「柔軟な引退」措置は、高齢労働者が退職を決意するにあたっての選択の余地をさらに拡大している。このためアメリカやドイツでは、通常の退職年齢前の新規年金裁定件数が通常の退職年齢時のそれを上回り、フランスやイギリスでは、通常の退職年齢後のそれが相当な割合を占めている。これに比べて日本の定年制は、制度の成立期にあたる戦前においては老齢退職の一つのパターンを形成したが、今日では老齢退職としての実質は失われている。 [三富紀敬] 問題点定年制のある事業所の割合は、2008年(平成20)に73.5%、定年制のない事業所の割合は26.5%である。定年制のある事業所のうち一律に定める事業所の割合は67.1%であり、このうち定年年齢が60歳の事業所割合は82.0%ともっとも多くなっており、定年年齢65歳以上の事業割合は14.8%である。 少子高齢化の急速な進展に伴う労働力人口の減少が見込まれ、2012年には、いわゆる「団塊世代」が65歳に到達することから、65歳以上の定年制や定年制度の廃止を促して、高齢者の働く場所をいかに確保していくかが重要な課題となっている。また、日本の高齢者の高い就業意欲や中小企業における人材確保などの観点から、「70歳まで働ける企業」の実現も重要な課題である。中小企業定年引上げ等奨励金は、65歳以上への定年の引上げや、希望者全員を対象にする70歳以上までの継続雇用制度の導入、あるいは定年制度の廃止を行った事業所に給付される。 55歳から出発した定年制度は、定年年齢の60歳の一般化を経て65歳以上への延長あるいは廃止の時代を迎えている。 [三富紀敬] 『岩波書店編集部編『定年後――「もうひとつの人生」への案内』第3版(2003・岩波書店)』▽『高齢・障害者雇用支援機構編・刊『高年齢者雇用確保措置の実態と70歳まで働ける企業の実現に向けた調査研究――第二次報告書』(2009)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Deinokratēs (English spelling)
A former town in Yufutsu District, Hokkaido. It oc...
A special corporation established under the Natio...
〘Noun〙① A type of anemia. It occurs in girls aroun...
…[Tora Saburo Kawabata]. … *Some of the terminolo...
...It is not simply restorationism because it ask...
The measurement system of English-speaking countri...
...There were also differences of opinion as to w...
Regarding the expenditure budget (→ budget) and co...
A river that flows north through central-eastern ...
… [Origins - Mahavira and the Patriarchs] Mahavir...
…[Hasegawa Jin]. … *Some of the terminology expla...
…It was incorporated as a city in 1871. Its forme...
...It is widely used as a staple food in Central ...
Born: 4 October 1814, Gruchy near Greville Died Ja...
…However, in 1940, imports of cacao beans were ba...