...In other words, the vassal system, which was linked to the aristocracy as a state-forming force, was maintained by a loyal lord-vassal relationship between free people, including the aristocrats, in that respect, which is different from the anti-state and private lord-vassal relationship of the late Roman period and the extra-state Celts. At the same time, in the Germanic vassal system, one can see a strong germination of the feudal lord-vassal system that was established in the Middle Ages (feudal system). The reason why the granting and receiving of fiefs, another condition of feudalism, did not occur was due to the narrowness of the domain of the spontaneous aristocracy and the underdeveloped concept of land. In view of these circumstances, it is natural that the ownership or rule of large lands over subordinate peasants and free people must be assumed in ancient Germanic society, but this does not necessarily mean the landed lord system, or manorial rule, with its uniquely medieval structure. From [Feudalism]…In this case, land ownership was given at first, but from around the middle of the 8th century, it became common to give a “leasehold”. The land given to the samurai in the form of a leasehold was called a “pensioned land” (beneficia, feodum, Lehen), and this system was called the “pension system”. The method of establishing a leasehold was used for the following reasons. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Lehen" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…つまり国家形成力としての貴族制と結合した従士制度が,貴族をふくむ自由民相互の忠誠的主従関係によって維持されていたという点に,いわば反国家的・私的なローマ末期の主従関係,および国家外的なケルトのそれとの相違があり,同時にゲルマン的従士制の中に,中世に入って成立する封建的主従制Vasallitätへの一つの有力な萌芽を認めることができる(封建制度)。封建制のいま一つの条件である封Lehen,fiefの授受がこれに伴わなかったのは,自生的な貴族の支配領域の狭小と,土地に対する考え方の未発達によるものである。 このような事情からみても,古ゲルマン社会には当然隷属的な農民や自由民の上に立つ大土地所有または支配が前提とされなければならないのであるが,しかしそれはそのまま中世的な独特のしくみを持つ土地領主制すなわち荘園支配を意味するとはいえない。… 【封建制度】より…この場合,最初は土地所有権が与えられていたが,8世紀半ばごろからは〈借地権〉を与えるのが原則的な形になった。この借地権の形で家士に与えられた土地を〈恩給地〉(ベネフィキウム,フェオドゥムfeodum,レーンLehen)と呼び,この制度を〈恩給制〉と呼ぶ。借地権設定の方法が用いられたのは,次の事情によった。… ※「Lehen」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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