Maritime Law - Kaishoho

Japanese: 海商法 - かいしょうほう
Maritime Law - Kaishoho

In practical terms, it refers to the totality of private law provisions that regulate maritime enterprises, and in formal terms, it refers to the laws stipulated in the third chapter of the current Commercial Code, "Maritime Trade." It is also simply called the Maritime Law. The core of the Maritime Law is the provisions on maritime transportation, which is part of maritime business activities. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that the Maritime Law is the "Law on Maritime Transportation." However, in addition to the provisions on maritime transportation, the Maritime Law also contains provisions on the human and material organizations necessary to carry out maritime enterprises, namely, shipowners, lessees, and co-owners as the business entities and the captain as the business assistant, ships as material organizations, ship liens and ship mortgages as ship financing, and provisions on general average, salvage, collision of ships, and marine insurance as legal measures against the risks of maritime enterprises.

Maritime law has been developed for a very long time because it regulates matters that arise in conjunction with navigation, and is the origin of commercial law, but it has developed while maintaining its own unique existence different from other branches of commercial law. Navigation is carried out on the common stage of the sea and with only one physical means, the ship, and many maritime companies are developed against the background of international relations, so the maritime law that regulates it has a strong tendency to be unified internationally. The results are too numerous to mention, such as the Shipowners' Liability Convention (1957, 1976) and its amending Protocol (1996), the Bills of Lading Convention (1924) and its amending Protocol (1968, 1979), the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg Rules, 1978), the York-Antwerp Rules (1974, 2004), and the Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969).

[Toda Shuzo]

"Commercial Law Research 1: Basic Theory of Liability for Carriage" by Ochiai Seiichi (1979, Kobundo) " ▽ "Maritime Law, revised 5th edition by Toda Shuzo (1990, Bunshindo)""Maritime Law, by Nakamura Masumi (1990, Seibundo)""Comments on the Law of the International Carriage of Goods by Sea" edited by Toda Shuzo and Nakamura Masumi (1997, Seirin Shoin)""Maritime Law Series: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Japan Maritime Law Association" edited by Ochiai Seiichi and Egashira Kenjiro (2003, Shojihomu)"

[Reference items] | Marine transport | Maritime law | Commercial law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

実質的意義においては、海上企業を規律の対象とする私法規定の総体をいい、形式的意義では、現行商法典の第3編「海商」のなかに規定されている法をさす。単に海法ともいう。海商法の中心をなすものは、海上企業活動に属する海上運送に関する規定である。したがって、海商法は「海上運送に関する法」といっても過言ではない。しかし、海商法には、海上運送に関する規定のほかに、海上企業を遂行するために必要な人的・物的組織に関する規定、すなわち、企業主体としての船舶所有者・賃借人・共有者および企業補助者としての船長、物的組織に関する船舶、船舶金融に関する船舶先取(さきどり)特権・船舶抵当権などの規定や、海上企業の危険性に対する法的対策の制度として、共同海損、海難救助、船舶の衝突、海上保険に関する規定を置いている。

 海商法は、航海に伴って生ずる事項を規律の対象としているところから、非常に古くから発達し、商法の起源ともなっているが、商法のほかの部門とは異なる独自の存在を保ちつつ発達してきた。航海は、海という共通の舞台と、船舶という唯一の物的手段によって行われ、また、海上企業は多く国際的な関係を背景に展開されるために、これを規律する海商法は国際的に統一される傾向が強い。その成果は、船主責任制限条約(1957、1976)、同改正議定書(1996)、船荷証券条約(1924)、同改正議定書(1968、1979)、国連海上物品運送条約(ハンブルク・ルール、1978)、ヨーク・アントワープ規則(1974、2004)、油濁損害民事責任条約(1969)など、枚挙にいとまがない。

[戸田修三]

『落合誠一著『商法研究1 運送責任の基礎理論』(1979・弘文堂)』『戸田修三著『海商法』新訂第5版(1990・文真堂)』『中村真澄著『海商法』(1990・成文堂)』『戸田修三・中村真澄編『注解 国際海上物品運送法』(1997・青林書院)』『落合誠一・江頭憲治郎編『海法大系――日本海法会創立百周年祝賀』(2003・商事法務)』

[参照項目] | 海上運送 | 海法 | 商法

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