The former genus name of early man (scientific name Homo erectus). Today, it is used as the common name for the fossil human of the early human stage discovered in Java. It is also called Java man. It is a compound word of the Greek words pithekos (meaning monkey) and anthropos (meaning human), meaning "ape man." German biologist Haeckel, who promoted the theory of evolution in continental Europe in the late 19th century, suggested that one link in the chain connecting apes and humans was missing, and named the fossil animal that represented the "missing link" Pithecanthropus alarus (meaning ape-man without language). Dutch anthropologist Dubois, who believed in this prophecy, traveled to Java and discovered a braincase and femur at Trinil on the Solo River in 1891-92, separately, about 10 meters apart. The femur was typical of modern humans, but the braincase was low, with the forehead in particular being significantly flattened, making it half-ape, half-human, an animal unlike any other at the time. Nevertheless, Dubois considered the skull and femur to belong to the same species, and named it Pithecanthropus erectus (meaning upright ape-man). This unexpected discovery of the fossil and the connection of the skull and femur became a subject of debate in the academic community ever since. However, in the 1930s, a large number of fossil human bones (Peking Man) were discovered in Zhoukoudian, China, and the two were regarded as the same type of fossil human, and their evolutionary status was established. At the time, ape-man and early man were treated as synonyms. However, after Australopithecus was rediscovered around 1945, they were considered ape-man, while Pithecanthropus and Peking Man were considered early man, dividing the evolutionary stage. As research on early man progressed, it was thought that it was clearly a member of the human species, and therefore it would be more appropriate to call it Homo erectus (upright ape) rather than Pithecanthropus. A considerable number of early human fossils have been discovered in Java since then. Four more femurs and three teeth were found in Trinil by 1900. A juvenile mandible was found in Kedung Burbus in 1890. Sangiran is a treasure trove of fossil human bones, where skulls II, III, and IV were discovered by Dutch anthropologist Königswald in 1937-38, and skulls VI and VIII were discovered by Indonesian anthropologist Sartono and VII by Indonesian anthropologist Jacob after World War II. No cultural artifacts were found with these specimens. The cranial volume is estimated to be around 900 milliliters. It is believed to have lived at the end of the early Pleistocene (Pleistocene) of the Quaternary Period, about 1 million to 700,000 years ago. [Shise Kahara] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原人(学名ホモ・エレクトゥスHomo erectus)の旧属名。今日では、ジャワで発見された原人段階の化石人類の通称として用いられる。ジャワ原人ともいう。ギリシア語のピテコスpithekos(サルの意)とアントロポスanthropos(ヒトの意)の合成語で「猿人」の意。 19世紀後半にヨーロッパ大陸で進化論の普及を図ったドイツの生物学者ヘッケルは、類人猿とヒトをつなぐ鎖のうち、一つの輪は失われたとし、その「失われた輪」に相当する化石動物にピテカントロプス・アラルス(言語なき猿人の意)と命名した。その予言を信じたオランダの人類学者デュボアはジャワに渡り、1891~92年にソロ川のほとりのトリニールで、脳頭蓋(とうがい)と大腿(だいたい)骨とを互いに十数メートル離れた地点から別々に発見した。大腿骨は現生人類的であったが、脳頭蓋は低く、とくに前頭部が著しく圧平されており、その当時として他に類例をみないほど半猿半人的であった。 にもかかわらず、デュボアは頭骨と大腿骨が同一種に属すものとみなして、これにピテカントロプス・エレクトゥス(直立猿人の意)と名づけた。この意想外の化石の発見と頭骨・大腿骨の結び付けは、以来学界の論議の的となった。しかし、1930年代に中国の周口店より多数の化石人骨(北京(ペキン)原人)が発見されるに至り、両者は同類の化石人類とみなされ、その進化上の地位が定まった。 ところで当時は、猿人と原人とは同義語として扱われていた。しかし、1945年ごろからアウストラロピテクス類が再確認されるにしたがって、これらを猿人とし、ピテカントロプスや北京原人は原人として進化段階を分けるようになった。また原人の研究が進むにつれ、それは明らかに人類の一員であり、それゆえピテカントロプスとよぶより、ホモ・エレクトゥス(直立人猿)とよぶことのほうがふさわしいと考えられた。 ジャワからはその後もかなりの数の原人化石が発見されている。トリニールからは1900年までにさらに4本の大腿骨と3本の歯が発見された。ケドゥンブルブスからは1890年に未成年の下顎(かがく)骨が発見されていた。サンギランは化石人骨の宝庫であり、1937~38年にオランダの人類学者ケーニヒスワルトにより、頭骨Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ号が発見され、第二次世界大戦後はⅥ、Ⅷ号がインドネシアの人類学者サルトノにより、Ⅶ号が同じくインドネシアの人類学者ヤコブにより発見されている。これらの標本には文化遺物は伴出していない。また頭蓋容量は推定900ミリリットル前後である。生存年代は第四紀更新世(洪積世)前期末、約100万~70万年前とみられている。 [香原志勢] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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