Factorial - Kaijo

Japanese: 階乗 - かいじょう
Factorial - Kaijo

For a natural number n
n・(n-1)・(n-2)・……・2・1
is called the factorial of n, and n! or

This value is equal to the total number of permutations that can be made by lining up n different items in a row. In addition, the total number of permutations that can be made by taking r items from n different items is n!/(nr)!, but we define 0!=1 so that this formula is formally valid when n=r.

The value of n! increases exponentially as n increases. For example,
3!=6, 5!=120, 10!=3628800, 12!=479001600
So 100! is a natural number with 158 digits, and 200! is a natural number with 375 digits. The following formula holds for n!:


This is called the Stirling formula, and by using it, we can get an approximation of n! for large values ​​of n.

It can be calculated by:

[Tsuneo Uetake]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自然数nに対して
n・(n-1)・(n-2)・……・2・1
をnの階乗(ファクトリアルfactorial)といい、n!または

と書く。この値は、n個の異なるものを一列に並べてつくる順列の総数に等しい。また、n個の異なるものからr個とってつくる順列の総数はn!/(n-r)!となるが、この式がn=rのときも形式的に成り立つように0!=1と定義する。

 n!の値は、nが増加するにつれて急激に増加する。たとえば
3!=6, 5!=120, 10!=3628800, 12!=479001600
であり、100!は158桁(けた)、200!は375桁の自然数になる。n!については次の式が成り立つ。


これをスターリングstirlingの公式といい、このことを利用して、nの大きな値に対するn!の近似値を

によって計算することができる。

[植竹恒男]

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