Cancel - Kaijo

Japanese: 解除 - かいじょ
Cancel - Kaijo

When one of the contracting parties unilaterally terminates the effect of a valid contract, it is called the termination of the contract, or simply termination. A contract can also be terminated by agreement of the parties (termination by agreement/termination contract), but it is generally terminated based on the exercise of the right of termination.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Right of Termination

The right to terminate a contract by a unilateral manifestation of intention (formal right) is called the right of termination (broadly defined right of termination). There are two types of right of termination: the contractual right of termination, which is reserved in advance by contract, and the statutory right of termination, which arises from the provisions of law.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Right to terminate contract

When the parties to a contract have reserved the right of termination in advance, this special provision creates a right of termination, which differs from a statutory right of termination. The Civil Code does not have a general provision, but examples include the cancellation deposit (Civil Code Article 557) and the special repurchase agreement (Civil Code Article 579). Unless otherwise specified, the method of exercise and effect are treated the same as a statutory right of termination (Civil Code Articles 540, 544-548).

[Takahisa Awaji]

Statutory right of termination

This is a right of termination that arises from legal provisions.

There are two types of statutory right of termination: the right to terminate a contract retroactively (the right to terminate a contract in the narrow sense - Civil Code Article 541 et seq.), and the right to terminate a contract without such retroactive effect. The latter is called "notice" in academic terms to distinguish it from the former (the Civil Code distinguishes between "termination" and "request to terminate").

The Civil Code first stipulates the right to terminate a contract for reasons of breach of contract, such as delay in performance (Articles 541 to 543), and then goes on to provide detailed provisions regarding special rights of termination for each contract (Articles 561 to 568, Article 570).

In practice, the right to cancel in the narrow sense (Civil Code Articles 541 et seq.), which serves an important social function, often arises in the following cases:

In other words, when the obligee falls into a delay in performance and, even if a demand for performance is given with a reasonable period, the performance is not made due to reasons attributable to the obligor (Article 541 of the Civil Code), when it is a periodic act, a demand is not required (Article 542 of the Civil Code), and when performance is impossible due to reasons attributable to the obligor (Article 543 of the Civil Code), etc. When a contract is terminated (narrowly defined) under Article 541 of the Civil Code, it is dissolved retroactively (retroactive effect of termination), and each party is obligated to restore the other party to the original state (Article 545, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code) and to compensate for damages if there are any (Article 545, Paragraph 3 of the Civil Code).

[Takahisa Awaji]

[Reference] | Cancellation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

契約当事者の一方が、有効成立している契約の効力をその一方的意思表示によって消滅させることを契約の解除、あるいは単に解除という。当事者の合意によっても解除できる(合意解除・解除契約)が、一般には解除権の行使に基づいて行われる。

[淡路剛久]

解除権

一方的意思表示によって契約を解消させうる権利(形成権)を解除権(広義の解除権)という。解除権には、あらかじめ契約によってそれを留保しておく約定解除権と、法律の規定によって生じる法定解除権がある。

[淡路剛久]

約定解除権

契約の当事者があらかじめ解除権の留保をしておいた場合に、この特約によって生ずる解除権で、法定解除権に対する。民法は一般的な規定を置いていないが、解約手付(民法557条)や買戻しの特約(同法579条)などはその例である。行使方法と効果は、特別の定めがない限り、法定解除権と同様に取り扱われる(同法540条、544条~548条)。

[淡路剛久]

法定解除権

法律の規定によって生ずる解除権である。

 法定解除権には、契約の効力を遡及(そきゅう)的に消滅させる解除権(狭義の解除権――民法541条以下)と、そのような遡及的効力を生じない解除権とがある。後者の場合は、前者と区別して講学上、「告知」とよばれている(民法典での用語は「解除」と「解約の申入れ」とに区別されている)。

 民法は、まず履行遅滞など債務不履行を理由とする解除権について規定し(541条~543条)、各契約について、特殊な解除権について詳しく規定を置いている(561条~568条、570条)。

 実際上、大きな社会的機能を果たしている狭義の解除権(民法541条以下)は、次の場合に発生することが多い。

 すなわち、債権者が履行遅滞に陥り、相当の期間を定めて履行の催告をしても、債務者の責に帰すべき事由によってその履行がない場合(民法541条)、それが定期行為の場合には催告が不要(同法542条)、および債務者の責に帰すべき事由による履行不能の場合(同法543条)などである。民法第541条以下の契約の解除(狭義)がなされた場合、さかのぼって解消してしまうから(解除の遡及効)、当事者は互いに相手方に対して原状回復の義務を負い(同法545条1項)、損害がある場合にはそれを賠償する義務を負う(同法545条3項)と規定している。

[淡路剛久]

[参照項目] | 解約

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