Generally speaking, international capital movements are referred to as the introduction of foreign capital when viewed from the perspective of the country receiving the capital. The form of introduction can be divided into direct investment and indirect investment, depending on whether it involves participation in management or corporate control. Direct investment includes the establishment of subsidiaries, branches, or joint ventures, the acquisition of shares through participation in management, and the transfer of technology, while indirect investment includes securities investment, foreign bonds, and loans (including credit) from financial institutions. When introducing foreign capital, each country often imposes certain restrictions through laws, regulations, treaties, etc., depending on its own situation. However, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted a liberalization platform in 1961 that included the liberalization of capital transactions, and member developed countries have gradually been removing restrictions on the introduction of foreign capital. [Hikari Aihara and Kenji Akiyama] Foreign capital introduction in JapanAfter the Second World War, in order to prevent foreign capital from dominating domestic companies and markets, Japan adopted a policy of promoting indirect investment but restricting direct investment, and implemented this policy through the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law enacted in 1949 and the Law Concerning Foreign Capital enacted in 1950. A characteristic of foreign capital introduction in Japan after the Second World War is that the private sector has dominated, compared to the prewar period when foreign capital was mainly introduced by the government sector through the issuance of foreign bonds. In 1964, Japan officially joined the OECD and was obligated to liberalize capital. Furthermore, due to strong influences such as the United States' demand for capital liberalization against the backdrop of the increasing activity of multinational corporations and foreign companies' demand for direct investment to introduce advanced technology, capital liberalization was gradually implemented from 1967. As a result, by 1973, industries had been liberalized 100% in principle, except for agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, petroleum, leather and leather product manufacturing, and retail, and in 1975 retail was also liberalized. In 1980, the Foreign Exchange Law was revised to unify the Foreign Capital Law, and direct investment changed from the previous approval system to a notification system, with "freedom in principle, no exceptions." In April 1998, the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law (revised Foreign Exchange Law) came into effect, changing the notification system to a post-notification system with no prior restrictions. As a result, foreign exchange transactions were completely liberalized, Japan's version of the Financial Big Bang (a major reform of the financial system) got into full swing, and foreign investment in Japan increased sharply. [Hikari Aihara and Kenji Akiyama] Foreign capital introduction in developing countriesThe introduction of foreign capital is the biggest problem in developing countries. Many of the developing countries that achieved independence after the Second World War were seriously lacking in capital and technology to advance their economic development. Therefore, they adopted a policy of actively promoting the introduction of foreign capital, but in many cases, this took the form of direct investment, mainly by companies from developed countries. As more companies from developed countries entered these countries, nationalism naturally grew in these countries, and they began to require a certain domestic content rate or participation in management when accepting foreign companies. Furthermore, in the 1970s, the movement for a new international economic order became stronger among developing countries, and the Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of States, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974, recognized the right of states to nationalize, expropriate, or transfer ownership of foreign assets, regulate foreign investment, and regulate the activities of multinational corporations. However, since the 1980s, the development policies of developing countries have shifted from inward-looking policies such as expanding domestic demand to outward-looking policies such as export-oriented industrialization, and they have become more proactive in attracting foreign investment and have begun to offer preferential treatment. Even in developed countries, as seen in the states and provinces of the United States and the United Kingdom, foreign companies are actively invited to invest in the region as a means of revitalizing local industries and promoting employment. However, even in these cases, there is a tendency to impose restrictions such as restrictions on local content (local procurement). [Hikari Aihara and Kenji Akiyama] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に国際間の資本移動を資本受入れ国の立場からみたときに外資導入という。導入の形態は、経営参加ないし企業支配を伴うかどうかによって、直接投資と間接投資とに分けられる。直接投資には、子会社・支店ないし合弁会社の設置、株式の経営参加的取得、技術の移転などが、間接投資には、証券投資、外債、金融機関による貸付(借款を含む)などがある。外資の導入に際しては、各国とも自国の状況に応じて、法令、条約などによって一定の制約を設けることが多い。しかし、経済協力開発機構(OECD)は1961年に資本取引の自由化を含む自由化綱領を採択し、加盟先進国は、外資導入に対する制限をしだいに撤廃してきている。 [相原 光・秋山憲治] 日本における外資導入第二次世界大戦後、日本は外資による国内企業と市場との支配を避けるため、間接投資は促進するが直接投資は規制するという政策をとり、1949年(昭和24)制定の「外国為替(かわせ)及び外国貿易管理法」(外為(がいため)法)と1950年制定の「外資に関する法律」(外資法)とによって運用を図ってきた。日本における第二次世界大戦後の外資導入の特徴としては、戦前の外債発行による政府部門中心の外資導入に比して、民間部門が圧倒的比重を占めていることがあげられる。日本は、1964年にはOECDに正式加盟することとなり、資本自由化を義務づけられることになった。さらに、多国籍企業の活動の活発化を背景としてアメリカが資本自由化を要求したこと、高度な技術導入には直接投資の形態を外国企業が要求したことなどが強く作用して、1967年から段階的に資本の自由化を実施することとなった。その結果、1973年までに農林水産業、鉱業、石油業、皮革または同製品製造業、小売業を除いて原則として100%自由化が行われ、さらに1975年には小売業も自由化された。また1980年には外為法の改正によって外資法はこれに統一され、直接投資はこれまでの認可制から届出制となり、「原則自由、例外禁止」となった。1998年(平成10)4月には「外国為替及び外国貿易法」(改正外為法)が新たに施行され、届出制から事前の規制を受けない事後報告となった。その結果、外国為替取引がまったく自由になり、日本版金融ビッグバン(金融システムの大改革)も本格化し、外資による対日投資が急増した。 [相原 光・秋山憲治] 開発途上国における外資導入外資導入がもっとも問題になっているのは開発途上国においてである。第二次世界大戦後独立を達成した開発途上国の多くは、経済開発を進めるには資本や技術が著しく不足していた。したがって外資導入を積極的に進める政策をとったが、これらの外資導入は、多くの場合、先進国からの企業進出を中心とする直接投資の形態をとった。このように先進国からの企業進出が多くなるに伴って、当然ながらこれらの国々におけるナショナリズムも高まりをみせるようになり、受入れにあたって、一定の国産化率を条件としたり、経営参加を要求したりすることが多くなってきた。さらに1970年代になると、開発途上国の間に新国際経済秩序を目ざす動きが強まり、1974年に国連総会で採択された「国家の経済権利義務憲章」は、外国人資産の国有化、収用、または所有権の移転、外国投資の規制、多国籍企業の活動の規制などを国家の権利として認めた。しかし1980年代以降、開発途上国の開発政策が内需拡大などの内向的なものから、輸出指向的工業化など外向的なものへと転換され、外国投資の導入にも積極的になり、優遇措置を講ずるようになった。また先進国でもアメリカ、イギリスの諸州、諸県にみられるように、地域の産業の活性化、雇用の促進の手段として、積極的に外国企業を誘致している。ただその場合もローカル・コンテンツ(現地調達)規制のような制限をする傾向がある。 [相原 光・秋山憲治] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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