An audit is conducted to determine whether a company's financial statements are fair. The auditor expresses an opinion based on the audit evidence he or she has obtained about whether the financial statements prepared by management fairly present the company's financial position, business performance, and cash flow status in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards. Accounting audits have evolved through the process of detailed audits → balance sheet audits → financial statement audits. (1) Precision audit: This type of audit has been developed in the UK for a long time. It is a supervisory audit that thoroughly examines all accounting records and accounting activities during the business year and aims to uncover irregularities such as the misappropriation of money and goods. (2) Balance sheet audit (credit audit) This is an audit of the reliability of balance sheets submitted to financial institutions by companies seeking loans as evidence of their ability to repay. Around 1920 in the United States, the development of the credit economy led to many companies receiving bank loans. As short-term credit providers, banks were more interested in the strength of the collateral than in the profitability of the companies. Since a company's ability to repay and safety were judged primarily by its balance sheet, banks required borrowers to submit balance sheets that had been certified by professional auditors. (3) Financial statement audits The Great Depression of 1929 caused many companies to go bankrupt, and the problems in the securities market at the time made American society keenly aware of the need for "financial statement audits," including income statements. The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 made it compulsory for listed companies and other entities to be audited by certified public accountants, for the purpose of protecting the public interest and investors. These audits are called financial statement audits, and the main task here is to discover and prevent window dressing, with uncovering fraud being secondary. In Japan, these audits were institutionalized in the Securities and Exchange Act enacted in 1948 (Showa 23), and the first audits by certified public accountants began in 1951. [Yoshito Nakamura] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
企業の財務諸表が適正かどうかを判断するために行われる監査。経営者の作成した財務諸表が、一般に公正妥当と認められる企業会計の基準に準拠して、企業の財政状態、経営成績およびキャッシュ・フローの状況を適正に表示しているかどうかについて、監査人が入手した監査証拠に基づいて判断した結果を監査意見として表明する。 会計監査は、精密監査→貸借対照表監査→財務諸表監査という経過を経て発展してきた。 (1)精密監査 イギリスにおいて古くから発達した監査であり、事業年度中の会計記録および会計行為のすべてを綿密に吟味するもので、金銭、物品の私消などの不正を摘発することを目的とする監視的な監査である。 (2)貸借対照表監査(信用監査) 融資を受けようとする企業が、弁済能力に関する資料として金融機関に提出する貸借対照表について、その信頼性を監査するもの。1920年ごろのアメリカでは、信用経済の発達によって銀行融資を受ける企業が多数あった。短期信用供与者としての銀行の関心事は、企業の収益力の大小よりも、むしろその担保力にあった。企業の支払い力や安全性についてはもっぱら貸借対照表により判定されたので、銀行は融資先に対し、職業監査人の監査証明を受けた貸借対照表の提出を求めた。 (3)財務諸表監査 1929年の世界恐慌による多数の企業倒産と当時の証券市場問題は、損益計算書も含めた「財務諸表監査」の必要性をアメリカ社会に強く認識させた。1933年の証券法、1934年の証券取引所法は、公益および投資家保護を目的として、公認会計士による上場企業などの監査を強制的に行うことにした。この監査が財務諸表監査であり、ここでは、粉飾経理の発見、防止が中心課題となり、不正の摘発は二次的となる。日本では、1948年(昭和23)制定の証券取引法でこの監査が制度化され、1951年に初の公認会計士監査が開始された。 [中村義人] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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