Dreyfus Affair - Dreyfus Affair

Japanese: ドレフュス事件 - ドレフュスじけん（英語表記）Affaire Dreyfus

A political crisis that shook the French Third Republic. From 1894 to 1906, it is known as an incident that exposed the underlying social and political tensions in society and endangered the very existence of the republic. In 1894, Jewish army captain A. Dreyfus was sentenced to life exile for selling information to Germany. Although it was discovered within the military that there was another real culprit, they tried to cover up the incident due to military prestige and anti-Semitic sentiment. At first, the movement for a retrial was centered around family and acquaintances, but it expanded with the support of A. Schueler-Kaestner, vice president of the senate, and G. Clemenceau, who later became prime minister. In 1898, the writer E. Zola published an open letter addressed to the President in Aurore, beginning with "I impeach," and public opinion grew stronger, going beyond the simple debate of whether individuals were guilty or not. On the left, the anti-clerical "Dreyfus faction" defended individual freedom against state power and sought to place the military under parliamentary control, while on the right, the "anti-Dreyfus faction" was formed, centered on nationalists who defended the prestige and traditional values of the military and emphasized anti-German patriotism, staunch Catholics, anti-Semites, and conservatives, and this led to a conflict that divided the nation in two. In 1898, Colonel H. Henry committed suicide after confessing to some of the forgeries, making a retrial certain, and in 1899, the sentence was reduced in the retrial at the Rennes military martial, but he was still guilty, and was pardoned by the president. In 1903, new favorable evidence was presented, and in July 1906, the Civil Court of Cassation completely overturned the Rennes ruling, and Parliament passed a bill to restore Dreyfus's powers. On the 22nd of that month, Dreyfus was formally reinstated.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

フランス第三共和政を揺がした政治危機。 1894～1906年社会の根底に横たわる社会的・政治的緊張を露呈し，共和国の存続そのものを危険にさらした事件として知られる。 1894年ユダヤ系の陸軍大尉 A.ドレフュスがドイツに情報を売ったとして終身流刑に処せられた。軍部内では，別に真犯人のいることがわかったが，軍の威信と反ユダヤ感情などのため事件を糊塗しようとした。最初は家族と知人を中心とした再審要求運動であったが，上院副議長 A.シューレル・ケストネル，のちの首相 G.クレマンソーらの支持を得て再審要求運動は拡大した。 98年文人 É.ゾラが『オーロール』紙上で「私は弾劾する」で始る大統領あての公開質問書を発表するなど，世論は高まり，単に個人の有罪，無罪の論議をこえて，左翼には，国権に対する個人の自由を守り，軍を議会の統制下におこうとした反教権的な「ドレフュス派」，右翼には，軍の威信や伝統的価値を擁護し，対ドイツ愛国心を強調する国家主義者，頑固なカトリック，反ユダヤ人主義者，保守主義者などを中心とする「反ドレフュス派」が形成され，国論を2分して抗争するにいたった。 98年 H.アンリ大佐が文書の一部偽造を告白して自殺したため，再審は確実となり，99年レンヌの軍法会議の再審で減刑されたが依然有罪で，大統領特赦で刑が免じられた。 1903年新たに有利な証拠が提出され，06年7月民事の破毀院はレンヌの判決を全面的に破棄，議会も復権法案を可決した。同月 22日ドレフュスも正式に復権した。

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