Johann Hevelius

Japanese: ヘベリウス - へべりうす(英語表記)Johann Hevelius
Johann Hevelius

German astronomer. Producer of early detailed maps of the lunar surface. Born in Danzig, he studied mathematics and law at the University of Leiden. After graduating, he traveled to various European countries, and upon returning to the United States in 1641, he built a private observatory and enjoyed astronomical observations with the help of his wife. From 1642 to 1645, he mainly observed the Sun, accurately determining its rotational period and calling the bright areas near sunspots fakira (white spots). In 1644, he measured the phases of Mercury. In 1647, he published the results of his continuous observations of the lunar surface for ten years as Selenographia (Lunar Journal). This included a detailed topographical map, and he called the bright white protruding parts "mountains" and the dim flat parts "seas." He also named the mountain ranges after those on Earth. He used a long-focus telescope for these observations, but in 1657 he began to observe the stars of the Northern Hemisphere with the naked eye, resulting in a record of 1,500 stars in his Uranographia (Atlas of the Heavens). He also published records of comets in 1654 and 1668, suggesting that their orbits were parabolic.

[Shimamura Fukutaro]

[Reference] | Vitiligo

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの天文学者。初期の月面詳細図の製作者。ダンツィヒに生まれ、ライデン大学で数学と法律を修めた。卒業後、ヨーロッパ各国を遊学し、1641年帰国に及んで私設天文台を建立し、妻の協力のもとで天体観測を楽しんだ。1642~1645年おもに太陽を観測し、太陽の自転周期を正確に定め、また黒点近傍の輝部をファキラ(白斑(はくはん))とよんだ。1644年に水星の位相を測定した。1647年には10年来の月面の継続観測の成果を『セレノグラフィア』(『月面誌』)として刊行した。これには詳細な地形図が含まれ、白く輝く凸出部分を「山」、薄暗い平たい部分を「海」とよんだ。また山脈には地球上の山脈名をあてた。これらの観測には長焦点の望遠鏡を用いたが、1657年には肉眼で北半球の恒星を観察し始めた。その成果として『ウラノグラフィア』(『星天図』)のなかに1500個の星を収録した。そのほかに1654年と1668年に彗星(すいせい)の記録を公刊し、その軌道が放物線であることを示唆した。

[島村福太郎]

[参照項目] | 白斑

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