…After returning to the United States, he resigned from the Navy and served as a professor of physics at the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland and Clark University in Worcester, before being appointed chairman of the Department of Physics at the newly established University of Chicago in 1893. He was consistently involved in precise experiments to measure the speed of light, and while in Germany he constructed an interferometer (Michelson's interferometer) to discover the effect of the Earth's motion on the speed of light (1881). After returning to the United States, he constructed an interferometer capable of more precise measurements with the cooperation of Edward Williams Morley (1838-1923), and carried out an experiment (1886-87) to discover the relative motion of the ether and the Earth (the Michelson-Morley experiment). Contrary to expectations, the results were negative, raising serious questions about the static ether that was believed to exist at the time. … From the Michelson-Morley experiment…According to the Galilean transformation, the speed of light would be c ± v as seen by an observer moving at a speed v relative to the ether. To verify this, AA Michelson and Edward Williams Morley (1838-1923) used an interferometer as shown in Figure a. Light emitted from a light source L is split into two beams at right angles by a semi-transparent mirror M 0 , reflected by mirrors M 1 and M 2 , and then directed again by M 0 to a telescope T, where interference occurs. … *Some of the terminology referenced in "Morley, EW" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…帰国後海軍を辞職し,クリーブランドのケース応用科学学校,ウースターのクラーク大学の物理学教授を歴任し,1893年新設されたシカゴ大学の物理学部長に迎えられた。 彼は一貫して精密な光速度測定の実験にたずさわり,ドイツ滞在時に,光速度に及ぼす地球の運動の影響を見いだすための干渉計(マイケルソンの干渉計)を製作(1881),さらに帰国後モーリーEdward Williams Morley(1838‐1923)の協力を得てより精密な測定が可能な干渉計をつくり,エーテルと地球の相対運動を見いだす実験(マイケルソン=モーリーの実験)を実施した(1886‐87)。その結果は予想に反して否定的なものであり,当時信じられていた静止エーテルに対して深刻な問題を投げかけた。… 【マイケルソン=モーリーの実験】より…ガリレイ変換に従うならば,エーテルに対してvの速さで動いている観測者からみると,光の速度はc±vとなるであろう。このことの正否を確かめるためにA.A.マイケルソンとモーリーEdward Williams Morley(1838‐1923)は,図aに示すような干渉計を用いた。光源Lから出た光は,半透鏡M0で直角方向の二つの光に分けられ,鏡M1,M2で反射された後再びM0によってこんどは望遠鏡Tに導かれ,ここで干渉を起こす。… ※「Morley,E.W.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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