Sound Waves - Onpa

Japanese: 音波 - おんぱ
Sound Waves - Onpa

Generally, the vibration phenomenon that propagates through an elastic body based on its elasticity is called a sound wave. What we normally call "sound" is the vibration from a vibrating body that travels through the air as a longitudinal wave and reaches the ear, and refers to audible frequencies of approximately 16 to 20,000 hertz. Waves with frequencies higher than this that do not cause the sensation of sound are called ultrasound waves.

From the differential equation (wave equation) describing sound waves, the speed of sound, c , is given by, where κ (kappa) is the bulk modulus and ρ (rho) is the density:

It can be seen that the equation has the following form. At first, Newton assumed that the change in the gas medium was an isothermal change and calculated the bulk modulus using the air pressure, but was unable to obtain the measured sound speed. In 1816, Laplace explained the relationship between pressure and volume as an adiabatic change. As a result, the speed of sound at 0°C and 1 atmosphere was 331.5 m/sec, and at t °C it became 331.5 + 0.6 t (m/sec), which agreed well with the measured value.

[Yuichi Okuda]

"Basic Physics Selection: Sound and Sound Waves" by Yutaka Kobashi (1969, Shokabo) " "Basic Acoustics: Vibrations, Waves, and Sound Waves" by Shigeru Yoshikawa and Hajime Fujita (2002, Kodansha)

[Reference] | Sound | Bulk modulus | Longitudinal waves | Elasticity | Adiabatic changes | Ultrasonic waves

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に、弾性体中をその弾性に基づいて伝わる振動現象を音波という。普通「音」と称しているのは、振動体からの振動が縦波として空気中を伝わり耳に達するもので、可聴振動数、およそ16ヘルツから2万ヘルツのものをいう。これより振動数が大きくて、音としての感覚を引き起こさない波を超音波という。

 音波を記述する微分方程式(波動方程式)より、音速cは、体積弾性率をκ(カッパ)、密度をρ(ロー)とすると、

という形をしていることがわかる。初めニュートンは、媒質である気体の変化を等温変化とみなして、体積弾性率を空気の圧力で計算したが、実測された音速を得ることができなかった。1816年にラプラスは圧力と体積の間に成り立つ関係を断熱変化であるとして説明した。その結果、0℃、1気圧での音速が331.5m/secであり、t℃のときには、331.5+0.6t(m/sec)となり、実測とよく一致する。

[奥田雄一]

『小橋豊著『基礎物理学選書 音と音波』(1969・裳華房)』『吉川茂・藤田肇著『基礎音響学――振動・波動・音波』(2002・講談社)』

[参照項目] | | 体積弾性率 | 縦波 | 弾性 | 断熱変化 | 超音波

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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