Nakaz

...The Empress was wise and determined, but at the same time ambitious and vain. She studied the Enlightenment before she ascended to the throne, and corresponded with Voltaire and others, becoming famous as an enlightened monarch. In 1867, she established a legal code compilation committee consisting of several hundred representatives from all classes of the population (except serfs), and gave them the "Nakaz" (instructions) written based on Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws" and other works, explaining the principles of the rule of law. However, the committee did not produce any concrete results, and the Empress herself had no intention of implementing a representative system. The Empress idealized bureaucratic absolutism, but after the Pugachev Rebellion, she introduced a certain degree of decentralization and local autonomy centered on the aristocracy in the local reforms of 1875, and in 1885, she granted privilege charters to the aristocracy and cities, recognizing the privileges and status autonomy of the aristocracy, and the guild system and autonomy of cities. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Nakaz" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…女帝は賢明で意志的で，同時に野心的で虚栄心も強く，即位前から啓蒙思想を学び，ボルテールなどとも文通して啓蒙君主として有名になった。67年国民各層(農奴を除く)の代表数百人からなる法典編纂委員会を設け，これに，モンテスキューの《法の精神》などをもとに執筆した〈訓令(ナカースNakaz)〉を与え，法治主義の原則を説いたが，委員会は具体的成果を生まず，女帝自身にも代議制実施の意図はなかった。女帝は官僚的絶対主義を理想としたが，プガチョフの乱ののち，75年の地方改革である程度の地方分権と貴族中心の地方自治を導入し，85年には貴族と都市に特権認可状を与え，貴族の諸特権と身分的自治，都市のギルド制と自治を認めた。…

※「Nakaz」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報