The second half of the 16th century saw some expansion, including the conquest of Cyprus (1571), but the expansion of the empire finally stagnated in the face of a counterattack by the Habsburg dynasty and other European powers (the Austro-Turkish Wars), as symbolized by the Battle of Lepanto (1571). From [Shah]...The Safavid monarchs, believed to be descendants of Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad and the first Imam of the Shiite sect, were absolute monarchs with both secular and religious powers. The title of Shah was also used in the Mughal Empire in India, and the Ottoman sultans were given the title of Persian origin, pādişāh (protector king). [Kouichi Haneda]... From [Sultan]...After conquering Egypt in 1517 and bringing the Arab world under its control, the Ottoman sultan also had the qualifications of a caliph, and his authority extended as far as Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia (the sultan-caliphate system). However, in written sources such as Ottoman chronicles, the terms "pādişāh" and "hünkār" were more commonly used than "sultan." However, in official documents such as royal decrees, he was called "sultan of sultans." *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "pādişāh" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…16世紀後半,キプロス島の征服(1571)など若干の領土拡張がみられたが,レパントの海戦(1571)に象徴されるように,ハプスブルク王家をはじめとするヨーロッパ諸国の反撃(オーストリア・トルコ戦争)の前に,帝国の領土拡張はようやく停滞した。 【シャー】より…預言者ムハンマドの女婿であり,シーア派初代のイマームであるアリーの子孫と信じられていたサファビー朝の君主は,聖俗両権を併せもつ絶対君主であった。シャーの称号はインドのムガル帝国でも用いられ,オスマン帝国のスルタンにもパーディシャーpādişāh(守護王)というペルシア語起源の称号が与えられている。【羽田 亨一】。… 【スルタン】より…なお,1517年にエジプトを征服してアラブ世界を支配下に収めて以来,オスマン朝スルタンは,同時にカリフとしての資格を兼ね備え,その威光は遠く中央アジア,インド,東南アジアにまで及んだ(スルタン・カリフ制)。ただし,オスマン朝の年代記など文献史料では,スルタンよりも〈パーディシャーpādişāh〉〈ヒュンキャールhünkār〉がよく用いられた。しかし,勅令など公式文書では〈スルタンたちのスルタン〉を号した。… ※「pādişāh」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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