Around 8000 BC, humans in the Near East transitioned from a hunting and gathering economy to an agricultural society when they succeeded in cultivating grains and raising livestock for the first time. This landmark event in the history of civilization is sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, in contrast to the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. Some scholars also call it the Neolithic Revolution, and Alvin Toffler, in his book The Third Wave (1980), calls the Industrial Revolution the "Second Wave" and the Agricultural Revolution the "First Wave." Separately, in British history, the Agricultural Revolution is a collective term for the 18th century enclosure movement, which abolished the medieval open land system, the progress of agricultural technology, and the process of modernizing agricultural management. That is, the enclosure movement, which began in the Tudor period and was particularly popular in the latter half of the 18th century, increased the cultivated area and enabled improvements in land use, drainage, and crop cultivation. In the 17th century, fodder crops such as turnips and clover were already introduced from the continent and were successfully experimented with, but in the 18th century, the Norfolk four-crop rotation system (wheat-turnip-barley-clover), which scientifically and rationally combined livestock raising, grain rotation, and fertilization, was widely adopted by innovative landowner entrepreneurs. The advantages of this new crop rotation system are that, unlike the traditional three-field farming system, which left part of the land fallow, there is no more fallow land, and the land can be fully utilized, and since fodder crops can be grown in rotation, it is possible to increase livestock production and fertilizer production at the same time. Famous contributors to the advancement of agricultural technology during this period include Jethro Tull (1674-1741), who invented the sower and the animal-powered soil harrow, and Viscount Charles Townshend (1674-1738), nicknamed "Townshend the Turnip" for his success with the Norfolk method. Robert Bakewell (1725-95) also contributed greatly to increasing meat production by improving livestock for meat and livestock products, whereas sheep had traditionally been bred primarily for their wool rather than meat, and cattle for milk and work. Arthur Young made the greatest contribution to the spread of modern large-scale farming based on new farming methods. Thus, the British Agricultural Revolution made it possible to supply food to the growing urban population, and the increase in agricultural income led to the expansion of the domestic market and increased effective demand, thereby supplying the labor and capital needed for industrialization from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector, thereby enabling the Industrial Revolution to progress smoothly. [Kadoyama Eiji] "Agricultural Revolution: A revised edition" by Jiro Iinuma (1987, Miraisha) " "The History of the Agricultural Revolution in Britain" by Toshiaki Kusunoki (1969, Kobundo) [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
紀元前8000年ごろ人類は近東地方において初めて狩猟・採集経済から穀類の栽培、家畜の飼育に成功して農業社会へ移行した。この文明史における画期的事件を、18世紀の産業革命と対比して、農業革命とよぶ場合がある。学者によってはこれを「新石器革命」ともよび、アルビン・トフラーは『第三の波』(1980)のなかで、産業革命を「第二の波」、農業革命を「第一の波」とよんでいる。 これとは別にイギリス史では、中世的な開放耕地制度を揚棄した18世紀のエンクロージャー運動と農業技術の進歩、農業経営の近代化の過程を総称して農業革命とよんでいる。すなわち、チューダー朝時代から始まり、とくに18世紀後半に盛んであったエンクロージャー運動は、作付面積の増加をもたらし、土地利用、排水、作物栽培の改良を可能にした。17世紀にすでにカブ、クローバーなどの飼料作物が大陸より導入され、実験的成功を収めていたが、18世紀になると、家畜飼育、穀物輪作、施肥が科学的合理的に結合されたノーフォーク式4種輪作制(小麦―カブ―大麦―クローバーの輪作)が、広く革新的地主企業家によって採用されるようになった。この新しい輪作法の利点は、従来の三圃式(さんぽしき)農法では土地の一部を休耕地として残していたのが、いまや休耕地がなくなって土地をフルに利用できるようになったこと、また飼料作物を輪作で栽培できたために、家畜の増産と肥料の増産が同時に可能になったことである。 この時代の農業技術の進歩に貢献した者には、播種(はしゅ)機および畜力用砕土機を発明したタルJethro Tull(1674―1741)、ノーフォーク式に成功して「カブのタウンゼンド」とよばれたタウンゼンド子爵Viscount Charles Townshend(1674―1738)などが有名である。またベークウェルRobert Bakewell(1725―95)は、従来ヒツジを主として食肉用のためではなく羊毛のために、ウシはミルクと畜役用のために飼育していたのを、品種改良によって、食肉、畜産物用家畜の改良に成功し、食肉増産に貢献した。さらに新農法を基礎とする近代的大農経営の普及にもっとも大きな貢献をしたのがアーサー・ヤングである。こうしてイギリス農業革命は、増大する都市人口のための食糧供給を可能にし、農業所得の上昇が国内市場の拡大、有効需要の増加をもたらし、農業部門から工業部門へ、工業化のために必要な労働力と資本を供給したことによって、産業革命のスムーズな進行を可能ならしめたのである。 [角山 榮] 『飯沼二郎著『増補 農業革命論』(1987・未来社)』▽『楠井敏朗著『イギリス農業革命史論』(1969・弘文堂)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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