Okhotsk culture

Japanese: オホーツク文化 - おほーつくぶんか
Okhotsk culture

This culture was left behind by people who made their living by the sea and can be found in southern Sakhalin (Sakhalin), the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and Nemuro Channel in Hokkaido, and the Kuril Islands. It is thought to have existed during the same period as the Heian and Kamakura periods. The Moyoro Shell Mound in Abashiri City is the most well-known site. After World War II, research was conducted by Hokkaido University, the University of Tokyo, and others, and the content of this culture, which has many unique aspects, is gradually becoming clear.

Their lifestyle is believed to have been based on hunting marine mammals and fishing, as evidenced by stone tools, bone and horn tools excavated from dwelling sites and tombs, and animal and fish bones excavated from shell and fish bone layers. The dwellings are large, with pentagonal or hexagonal plans and some with long axes exceeding 10 meters, with an average floor area of ​​70 to 80 square meters. This indicates that rather than nuclear families, they lived in large families made up of several nuclear families, and is likely closely linked to their livelihood. Bear skulls are placed at the back of the dwellings, and bear sculptures are often seen. These are worthy of attention as they are thought to indicate the origins of the Ainu bear festival. In addition to bears, sculptures of killer whales and rays can also be seen. These are not only meaningful as sculptures, but are also interesting as they indicate the beliefs and rituals that the Ainu held. The graves are known from the Moyoro Shell Mound, where holes with a long axis of about 1 to 1.5 meters were dug and the bodies were buried in a flexed position with the head facing northwest. It is often the case that pottery was placed upside down on the head or chest of the body.

Other grave goods include stone tools and bone and horn tools. Many of the remains have deep ties to the Asian continent. Various theories have been suggested about the people of the Okhotsk culture, but today the most likely theory is that they were closely related to the people found in the Amur River (Heilongjiang) basin and Sakhalin, such as the Uluchi, Gilyak, and Sakhalin Ainu. This culture is attracting attention as the most recent foreign element found in Hokkaido, and as the spiritual source of early modern Ainu culture.

[Tsuyoshi Fujimoto]

[Reference] | Moyoro Shell Mound
Examples of artifacts excavated from ruins of the Okhotsk culture
© Akira Kawachi

Examples of artifacts excavated from ruins of the Okhotsk culture


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南樺太(からふと)(サハリン)、北海道のオホーツク海沿岸・根室(ねむろ)水道沿岸、千島列島にみられる、海を生活の舞台にした人々の残した文化。時代は、平安・鎌倉時代に並行するころと考えられる。網走(あばしり)市のモヨロ貝塚がもっとも著名な遺跡。第二次世界大戦後、北海道大学、東京大学などにより調査が進められた結果、特異な面を数多くもつこの文化の内容が明らかになりつつある。

 生活は、海獣狩猟および漁労に基礎を置いていたものと考えられ、住居址(し)や墓などから出土する石器、骨角器あるいは貝層や魚骨層から出土する獣魚骨がこれを裏づける。住居は平面が五角形もしくは六角形で、長軸が10メートルを超えるものもしばしばみられるほど大形で、その平均的な床面積は70~80平方メートルにも及ぶ。核家族というよりも、核家族をいくつか集めた大家族が単位となって居住していたことを示すものであり、彼らの生業の形と密接に結び付いたものであろう。住居の奥にはクマの頭骨が置かれ、またクマの彫刻もしばしばみられる。これらはアイヌの熊祭の源流を示すものではないかと考えられ、注目される。クマのほかシャチあるいはエイなどの彫刻もみられる。これらは単に彫刻としての意味をもつだけではなく、彼らのもっていた信仰、祭祀(さいし)を示すものとして興味深いものがある。墓はモヨロ貝塚などで知られているが、長軸1~1.5メートルぐらいの穴を掘り、そこに遺体を多くは北西に頭を置く形で屈葬にする。遺体の頭もしくは胸の所に土器を逆さにして置くことがしばしばみられる。

 このほか石器、骨角器も副葬される。アジア大陸と関係深い遺物も多い。オホーツク文化をもっていた人々については種々のことがいわれているが、今日では、ウルチ、ギリヤーク、樺太アイヌというようなアムール川(黒竜江)流域から樺太にかけてみられる人々との近縁関係が有力になってきている。北海道にみられるもっとも新しい外来の要素として、また近世アイヌ文化の精神面の源流として注目される文化である。

[藤本 強]

[参照項目] | モヨロ貝塚
オホーツク文化期の遺跡出土品例
©河内 章">

オホーツク文化期の遺跡出土品例


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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