Sanatorium - Ryoyojo

Japanese: 療養所 - りょうようじょ
Sanatorium - Ryoyojo

A type of hospital, it targets chronic illnesses and often provides long-term, specialized inpatient treatment. Initially, Japanese hospitals were called sanatoriums or medical hospitals, but there were also hospitals for specific illnesses such as madhouses (for mental illness) and mold-poisoning hospitals, and some that only accommodated leprosy (Hansen's disease) patients. Leprosy relief was largely due to foreign missionaries, but in 1909 (Meiji 42), following a suggestion from Mitsuda Kensuke and others, the Second District Joint Prefectural Northern Sanatorium was established in Aomori as a prefectural public sanatorium, and in the same year the country was divided into five districts, each with its own leprosy sanatorium. In 1930 (Showa 5), ​​the first national sanatorium, Nagashima Aisei En, was built on an island in the Seto Inland Sea (Okayama Prefecture).

Tuberculosis has a long history and organization as a sanatorium, and was called a sanatorium. This began with George Bodington (1799-1882) in England, and was solidified by Hermann Brehmer (1826-1889) of Germany, who established a sunbathing and hydrotherapy sanatorium in 1859, and Edward Livingston Trudeau (1848-1915) of the United States, who built the Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium in 1884. In Japan, Tsurusaki Heizaburo (1855-1934) founded Sumaura Sanitarium in 1889 (Meiji 22). At the time, importance was placed on the air, so sanatoriums were often set up in forests or on the seashore. In 1914 (Taisho 3), a law was enacted regarding pulmonary tuberculosis sanatoriums, establishing the term sanatorium legally, and in 1917, the first public sanatorium, Osaka Municipal Toneyama Sanatorium, was established. After being transferred to the Japan Medical Corps during World War II, this became a national sanatorium along with sanatoriums for disabled veterans. After the war, the transfer to national sanatoriums was promoted, and at one time many national sanatoriums were established, but with the progress of tuberculosis treatment, the number of tuberculosis cases decreased, and these facilities began to focus on medical treatment for convalescent care and incurable diseases, and many were converted into facilities aimed at reintegration into society through rehabilitation. There were also military protective sanatoriums (for mental illness) and spinal cord sanatoriums, which were initially intended for military personnel, but were later converted to be intended for the general public, as they remain today.

[Yoji Nagatoya]

"National Sanatorium History Research Group, ed., National Sanatorium History" (1976, Welfare Issues Research Group)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

病院の一形態で、慢性疾患を対象とし、長期、特殊な入院加療が行われることが多い。日本の病院は、当初、養生所、療病院などの名でよばれたが、特定の疾患を対象とするものに癲狂(てんきょう)院(精神疾患)、黴毒(ばいどく)院などがあり、らい(ハンセン病)患者だけを収容するものもあった。らい救済は外人宣教師に負うところが大であったが、光田健輔(みつだけんすけ)らの建言で1909年(明治42)に府県立の公立療養所として第二区連合道県立北部保養院が青森にできたのをはじめ、同年中に全国を五つの地区に分け、そのおのおのにらい療養所がつくられた。30年(昭和5)に最初の国立療養所である長島愛生(あいせい)園が瀬戸内海の島(岡山県)に建てられた。

 療養所として古い歴史と組織をもっているのは結核で、サナトリウムとよばれた。これはイギリスのボディングトンGeorge Bodington(1799―1882)に始まり、1859年に日光浴や水治療法のサナトリウムを設立したドイツのブレーメルHermann Brehmer(1826―89)、84年にアディロンバック・コテジ・サナトリウムを建てたアメリカのトルードーEdward Livingston Trudeau(1848―1915)らにより確たるものとなった。日本では1889年(明治22)鶴崎平三郎(1855―1934)が須磨浦(すまうら)療病院を創始。当時は大気が重視されたこともあり、林間や海浜に設けられることが多かった。1914年(大正3)に肺結核療養所に関する法律ができ、法的にも療養所の語が確定し、17年に最初の公立療養所である大阪市立刀根山(とねやま)療養所ができ、これは第二次世界大戦中の日本医療団移管を経て、傷痍(しょうい)軍人療養所などとともに国立療養所となった。戦後は国立への移管を進めたこともあって、一時は多数の国立療養所ができたが、その後結核治療の進歩とともに、同症は減少し、これらの施設は療養医療、難病などに重点を置くようになり、またリハビリテーションを通じての社会復帰を目的とする施設に変換したものが多い。ほかに当初軍人を対象とした軍事保護院療養所(精神疾患)や脊髄(せきずい)療養所があったが、その後、一般人を対象とすることに変換して今日に至っている。

[長門谷洋治]

『国立療養所史研究会編『国立療養所史』(1976・厚生問題研究会)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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