Oprichnina (English spelling)

Japanese: オプリチニナ（英語表記）Oprichnina

The Special Imperial Territory was created by Russian Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) in order to establish the absoluteness of his sovereignty by confiscating the hereditary lands (botchina) of the nobles who threatened his sovereignty. Ivan, who was opposed by the Special Council (Izbrannaya Rada) and the nobles over the continuation of the Livonian War (1558-83), decided to take this opportunity to crush the power of the nobles in one fell swoop, and with the support of the nobles (dovoryanin) and merchants who saw an advantage in waging the war, he obtained the recognition of his absolute power to suppress the "conspiracies" of the nobles from the Moscow residents. With this, in 1565 he divided the whole country into the "oprichnina", which was directly under the control of the nobles' council, and the other land, "zemshchina", and confiscated the hereditary lands of the opposing nobles and added them to the oprichnina one by one. As a result, half of the country, including the economically and militarily important areas in the center and on the coast, became the imperial territory. The Tsar's lands were then divided into fiefs (pomestiere) among loyal nobles, who organized themselves into guards known as oprichniks, and became the agents of Ivan's terror against the nobles. This system was abolished in 1572, but by that time the Tsar's autocratic power was firmly established.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ロシアのツァーリ，イワン4世 (雷帝)が君主権の絶対性を確立するために，それを脅かす貴族の世襲地 (ボッチナ) を没収して創設した特別帝領。リボニア戦争 (1558～83) の継続をめぐって，特別会議 (イズブランナヤ・ラーダ) や貴族らの反対を受けたイワンは，この機会に貴族勢力を一挙に粉砕しようと決意し，戦争遂行に利益を見出す士族 (ドボリャニン ) ，商人層の支持を背景に，モスクワ住民から貴族の「陰謀」を弾圧するための絶対権の承認を得た。これをもって彼は，1565年全土を貴族会議の掣肘を受けない皇帝直轄地「オプリチニナ」と，その他の土地「ゼムシチナ」とに分け，反対派貴族の世襲地を没収，次々とオプリチニナに加えた。その結果，中央，海岸地方の経済・軍事上の要地をはじめ国土のなかばが帝領となった。その後帝領は忠誠を誓う士族に封地 (ポメスティエ ) として分与され，彼らは「オプリチニク」と呼ばれる親衛隊を組織，イワンの対貴族恐怖政治の手先となった。この制度は 72年廃止されたが，それまでにツァーリ専制権力はゆるぎない基礎のうえに据えられた。

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