British economist. Born in Surrey in southern England. After graduating from Cambridge University, he became an assistant clergyman in the Church of England, but in 1805 he became the first professor of economics in British history at East India College, which was newly established in Hertford (later moved to Heilbury), and held that position until his death. In Malthus' time, the progress of the Industrial Revolution created social problems such as economic depression, poverty and vice among the working class, and criticism of the existing political and economic system was growing due to the influence of the French Revolution at the time. Malthus provided his own unique explanation for these new social problems and took the conservative side that defended the existing landlord-led system. He first published "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (first edition) in 1798, and confronted the anarchist W. Godwin, who blamed the private property system for poverty and vice. Malthus asserted that food, which is essential for human survival, increases only arithmetically, while human instinct, sexual desire, tends to bring about a geometrical increase in population, so that food shortages due to overpopulation are inevitable if left to their own devices. Based on this principle, poverty is a positive restriction that increases the death rate, and vice is a preventive restriction that reduces the birth rate, so he believed that both were acceptable restraints on overpopulation. As the first edition's argument caused strong public backlash, he published a second edition in 1803, adding moral restrictions such as postponing marriage as a measure to curb overpopulation, and continued to revise it until the sixth edition in 1826, but he maintained his belief that it was the fear of starvation that curbed overpopulation, and that this was achieved through a system of private property and marriage, which meant that people could provide for themselves. As for the repeated economic depressions of the time, he published a pamphlet in support of the Corn Laws in the Corn Laws debate, and in 1820 published Principles of Economics, confronting Ricardo, who opposed the Corn Laws. He argued that the high prices of grain under the Corn Laws were an effective measure to counter the depression, because they expanded agricultural investment, which had stable demand, and increased land rent, creating effective demand for manufactured goods. Rather, he pointed out that the rapid development of manufacturing industries could lead to economic depression due to overproduction. In 19th century Britain, as industrial capital expanded its markets around the world, Malthusian economics, which advocated for the advancement of landlords, lost its orthodox position to Ricardo. However, in the 20th century, Malthusian economics was reevaluated by J.M. Keynes as an economist who placed emphasis on demand. [Senga Shigeyoshi] "Principles of Economics, translated by Tokisaburo Kobayashi, 2 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの経済学者。南イギリスのサリー州に生まれる。ケンブリッジ大学を卒業後、イギリス国教会の牧師補となったが、1805年ハートフォードに新設(のちにヘーリベリーに移転)された東インド・カレッジで、イギリス史上初めての経済学の教授となり、死ぬまでその職にあった。 マルサスの時代は、産業革命の進行が、経済不況や労働者階級の貧困・悪徳といった社会問題を生み出し、おりからのフランス革命の影響もあって、既存の政治経済制度への批判が高まっていた。マルサスは、これらの新たな社会問題に独自の解明を行い、地主主導の既存の体制を擁護する保守側にたった。彼はまず1798年に『人口論』(初版)を出版し、貧困と悪徳の原因を私有財産制度に求めた無政府主義者W・ゴドウィンと対決した。マルサスは、人間の生存に不可欠な食物は算術級数的にしか増加しないのに、人間の本能である性欲は幾何級数的な人口増加をもたらす傾向をもつので、自然のままでは、過剰人口による食物不足は避けられないと断じた。そしてこの原理からすれば、貧困は死亡率を高める積極的制限となり、悪徳は出生率を低める予防的制限となるのであるから、過剰人口の抑制力として是認されるとしたのであった。このような初版の主張は世間の強い反発を招いたために、彼は1803年第二版を出し、過剰人口の抑制策として、結婚の延期などの道徳的制限を追加し、その後も26年の六版に至るまで改訂を続けたが、飢え死にに対する恐怖こそが過剰人口を抑制するのであり、それは自分のことは自分でまかなうという私有財産制度と結婚制度によって達成されるというその主張は変わらなかった。次に当時のたび重なる経済不況については、穀物法論争において穀物法を是認する小冊子を出したのをはじめ、1820年には『経済学原理』を出版、穀物法に反対したリカードと対決した。彼は穀物法による穀物の高価格は、安定した需要をもつ農業投資を拡大し、地代を増加させて製造品への有効需要を創出するから、不況対策として有利だと主張した。むしろ、急激な製造工業の発展は過剰生産による経済不況をもたらす可能性があると指摘した。地主擁護のマルサス経済学は、産業資本がその販路を世界に拡大していった19世紀イギリスでは、正統の地位をリカードに譲ったが、20世紀になって、需要を重視した経済学者として、J・M・ケインズによって再評価されることになる。 [千賀重義] 『小林時三郎訳『経済学原理』全二冊(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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