…This refers to the contact point between neurons. This area contains a synaptic cleft of about 150 to 200 Å, and in the presynaptic area of the neuron there is a structure called a synaptic vesicle. It is thought that the vesicles contain chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters). When a nerve impulse reaches the terminal, the chemical transmitters are released, which diffuse to the postsynaptic membrane and bind to the receptors contained in this area, opening the chemical gate channel there, allowing ions to pass through and generating a synaptic potential. … From [Nervous System]…Mammalian synapses are usually chemical synapses, where excitation is transmitted via chemical substances (chemical transmitters). Synaptic vesicles (30-60 nm in diameter) containing chemical transmitters are collected at the presynaptic element of a chemical synapse, i.e., the axon terminal, and the cell membrane of the axon terminal faces the cell membrane of the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron across a gap (synaptic cleft) 20-30 nm wide. When an impulse reaches the axon terminal due to excitation of a neuron, transmitters such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and gamma aminobutyric acid (abbreviated as GABA) contained in the synaptic vesicles are secreted. … From [Neurotransmitters]...The criteria for a substance being a neurotransmitter are: (1) when the presynaptic nerve is stimulated, a significant amount is released from the terminal; (2) when the substance is administered to the postsynaptic membrane, the same excitatory and inhibitory changes as those observed with presynaptic nerve stimulation are observed; (3) the substance's synthesis system exists in the neuron; and (4) a mechanism for inactivating the substance exists within the synapse. Neurotransmitters are usually accumulated in high concentrations in synaptic vesicles (synaptic vesicles) measuring 400-500 Å near the presynaptic membrane. When an electrical impulse from a nerve reaches the nerve terminal through a nerve fiber, those with synaptic granules release their contents as quanta into the synaptic cleft (neurotransmitters are not released as individual molecules, but as a set of a certain number of molecules, and this set is called a quanta). ... *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "synaptic vesicle" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…ニューロンとニューロンの接触部をいう。この部分には,約150~200Åのシナプス間隙synaptic cleftがあり,また,ニューロン内のシナプス前部にはシナプス小胞synaptic vesicleという構造がある。小胞中には化学伝達物質(神経伝達物質)が含まれていると考えられ,神経インパルスが終末部に到達すると化学伝達物質が放出され,これがシナプス後膜へと拡散し,この部分に含まれる受容体receptorと結合し,そこでの化学的開閉チャンネルを開き,それによってイオンが通過し,シナプス電位を発生する。… 【神経系】より…哺乳類のシナプスは通常,化学シナプスであり,興奮伝達は化学物質(化学伝達物質chemical transmitter)を介して行われる。化学シナプスのシナプス前要素,すなわち軸索終末には化学伝達物質を含むシナプス小胞synaptic vesicle(直径30~60nm)が集合しており,軸索終末の細胞膜は次のニューロンの樹状突起ないし細胞体の細胞膜と幅20~30nmの間隙(かんげき)(シナプス間隙synaptic cleft∥synaptic gap)をもって相対している。ニューロンの興奮にともなって軸索終末にインパルスが到達すると,シナプス小胞に含まれているノルアドレナリンやアセチルコリン,γ‐アミノ酪酸gamma aminobutyric acid(略してGABA)などの伝達物質が分泌される。… 【神経伝達物質】より…神経伝達物質であることの基準としては,(1)シナプス前神経を刺激するとその終末から相当量の放出が見られること,(2)その物質をシナプス後膜に投与するとシナプス前神経刺激と同様な興奮性,抑制性の変化が現れること,(3)その物質の合成系がそのニューロン中に存在すること,(4)その物質を不活性化する機構がシナプス内に存在することなどが挙げられる。 神経伝達物質は通常,神経前膜付近にある400~500Åのシナプス顆粒(かりゆう)synaptic vesicle中に高濃度に蓄積されている。神経からの電気的刺激が神経繊維を通って神経終末部に達すると,シナプス顆粒のあるものはその内容物を素量quantumとしてシナプス間隙(かんげき)に放出する(神経伝達物質は一つ一つの分子としてではなく,一定数の分子がひとまとまりとなって放出されるが,このまとまりを素量という)。… ※「synaptic vesicle」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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