Some scholars believe that India is the birthplace of asceticism, and that it was introduced to European society via Persia, Greece, and Egypt. In addition to the dualistic view of the body and soul, Hindu asceticism, or tapas, is practiced because life consists of two aspects, pain and pleasure, and if one wishes to obtain pleasure in the future, one must continue to endure pain in this life. It is estimated that there are currently as many as 5 million ascetics in India who continue to make a living by begging. Indian methods of asceticism are described in the Nirvana Sutra and the Hyakuron Commentaries, and include methods such as self-starvation, throwing oneself into a deep pool, going to the fire, throwing oneself off a high rock, always keeping one leg up, burning oneself in the five heats, always lying on ash soil, thorns, burrs, leaves, bad grass, and cow dung, smearing ashes on the body, keeping one's hair long and not cutting it, and not cutting one's nails. *Some of the terminology that mentions "tapas" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…インドこそ苦行の起源地であり,それがペルシア,ギリシア,エジプトをとおってヨーロッパの社会に導入されたとみる学者もある。ヒンドゥー教の苦行すなわちタパスtapasは霊肉の二元観のほかに,人生は苦と楽との2面よりなるから,未来において楽の果報を得ようとすれば,現世において苦痛を続けねばならぬとして行われるもので,インドでは乞食(こつじき)のみによって生活を続ける苦行者は現在でも500万人にものぼるとみられている。インドの苦行の方法には自餓の方法,淵(ふち)に身を投ずる方法,火におもむく方法,みずから高い岩からおちる方法,つねに1脚をあげている方法,五熱に身をあぶる方法,つねに灰土,棘刺(きよくし),編椽(へんてん),樹葉,悪草,牛糞の上に臥す方法,灰を身に塗る方法,長髪にして髪を切らない方法,爪を切らぬ方法などが,〈涅槃(ねはん)経〉〈百論疏(そ)〉などに記されている。… ※「tapas」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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