...CE Spearman observed a correlation structure in which high scores on six tests, including classical literature, English, and mathematics, given to 33 students showed that a high score on one test would also lead to good results on the other tests (1904). He suggested that the scores on each test were the result of a combination of a factor that could be called intelligence (common factor) and a factor unique to each test (specific factor). Later, Louis Leon Thurstone (1887-1955) and others proposed a general factor model in which mental ability is explained by multiple independent common factors and specific factors. The combination of multiple common factors and specific factors takes the form of a weighted sum, and the weights are called factor loadings. ... From 【Intelligence】...General factors are, so to speak, general mental energy and are genetically determined, whereas specific factors act as an engine and are determined by specific experiences and learning. On the other hand, the representative of the multifactor theory is Thurston LL Thurstone, who considers seven specific factors, number, verbal fluency, language comprehension, memory, reasoning, spatial, and perceptual speed, to be the basic abilities of intelligence, and claims that general factors are merely secondary factors extracted from the specific factors. In addition, Guilford JP Guilford's theory of the structure of intelligence, which posits 120 intelligence factors based on a theoretical model with three dimensions, operation, product, and content, can also be included in the multifactor theory. ... *Some of the terminology that mentions "Thurstone, LL" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…C.E.スピアマンは33人の生徒に古典,英語,数学などの6種のテストを行った得点のデータから,一つのテストで高得点をとれば他のテストでもよい成績をあげるという相関構造を観察して,各テストの得点は知力とも名づくべき因子(共通因子)とテストごとに固有の因子(特殊因子)の結合によって生じるとした(1904)。その後,サーストンLouis Leon Thurstone(1887‐1955)らは精神的能力は複数個の独立な共通因子と特殊因子によって説明されるという一般的因子モデルを提唱した。複数の共通因子と特殊因子の結合は重み付きの和の形をとり,その重みを因子負荷量という。… 【知能】より…一般因子は,いわば一般的な精神エネルギーであって遺伝的に決定されるのに反し,特殊因子は,いわばエンジンの働きをするものであり,特殊な経験と学習により決定されるという。一方,多因子説の代表者は,サーストンL.L.Thurstoneで,数,語の流暢さ,言語理解,記憶,推理,空間,知覚的速さの七つの特殊因子を,知能の基本的能力とみなし,一般因子は特殊因子から抽出された二次的因子にすぎないと主張している。なお,操作,所産,内容の三つの次元を持つ理論模型から,120個の知能因子を仮定したギルフォードJ.P.Guilfordの知性構造論も,多因子説の中に含めることができる。… ※「Thurstone,L.L.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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