…The representative scholars of Hellenistic science are Euclid, Apollonius of Perga, and Diophantus in mathematics, Archimedes in physics, Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus of Nicaea, and Ptolemy in astronomy, Eratosthenes in geography, and Herophilus, Erasistratus, and Galen in anatomy and physiology. Euclid, who was active under Ptolemy I, was the master of so-called Euclidean geometry, inheriting the idea of rigorous argumentation originating from Parmenides and Plato, and completing the immortal masterpiece Stoicheia, while also compiling the pioneering work of Eudoxus and Theaitētos. Archimedes was born in Syracuse, Sicily, but studied in Alexandria and had close ties with the scientists there. … From [Platonic numbers]... Plato's name is also attached to the figures known as "Platonic solids". They are alternative names for the five regular polyhedrons (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron) that are described in the Timaeus. The tetrahedron, hexahedron, and dodecahedron are said to have been discovered by the Pythagoreans, and the octahedron and icosahedron were discovered by Theaitētos (4th century BC). There is a legend that a Pythagorean scholar named Hippasos drowned after revealing the secret of the dodecahedron, and it is well known that Kepler later combined these "Platonic solids" to create a model of the universe. In both cases, we can see an attitude of considering numbers and their concrete figures as mysterious, just like the Platonic numbers. *Some of the terminology that mentions "Theaitētos" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…このヘレニズム科学を代表する学者としては,数学におけるユークリッド(エウクレイデス),ペルゲのアポロニオス,ディオファントス,物理学におけるアルキメデス,天文学におけるサモスのアリスタルコス,ニカエアのヒッパルコス,プトレマイオス,地理学のエラトステネス,解剖学・生理学におけるヘロフィロス,エラシストラトス,ガレノスらがいる。プトレマイオス1世の下で活躍したユークリッドはいわゆる〈ユークリッド幾何学〉の大成者で,パルメニデス,プラトンに発する厳密な論証の理念をうけつぎ,さらにエウドクソスやテアイテトスTheaitētosの先駆的業績を集大成しながら不朽の名著《ストイケイア》を完成した。アルキメデスはシチリアのシラクサの出であるが,アレクサンドリアに学び,ここの科学者たちと密接な関係をもっていた。… 【プラトン数】より… なおプラトンの名が冠せられるものに〈プラトン立体Platonic solid(body)〉として知られる図形がある。五つの正多面体(正四面体,正六面体,正八面体,正十二面体,正二十面体)の別称で,《ティマイオス》に記述されていることによるが,正四,六,十二面体はピタゴラス学派の,正八,二十面体はテアイテトスTheaitētos(前4世紀)の発見によるという。ヒッパソスHippasosなるピタゴラス学派の学者が正十二面体の秘密を漏らしたため溺死したという伝承があり,後世ケプラーがこの〈プラトン立体〉を組み合わせて宇宙モデルを構想したことも有名だが,いずれもそこにはプラトン数と同様,数およびその具体化である図形を神秘的なものとして考える態度がうかがえる。… ※「Theaitētos」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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