...a person of a particular rank who rode horses into battle. In ancient Rome, there were knights (equites) who were of a rank similar to that of the nobility, but the word generally refers to medieval warriors in Western Europe, and is used as a translation of the French word chevalier, the German word Ritter, and the English word knight. Semantically, the first two refer to a rider, and the latter to an attendant. From [Nobility]…As a result, from the 13th century onwards, in many regions, stratification within the nobility progressed, and a distinction was made between high-ranking nobles with large estates and the narrower knighthood of lower-ranking nobles who served them. Examples of this new class of knights include the knights of England, the chevaliers of France, the Ritterschaft of Germany, and the hidalgos of Spain. Also, from the 12th and 13th centuries, as autonomous cities developed, the families of the wealthy upper classes of citizens within the civic community formed a closed class of “urban nobility.” … From [Gentleman]…A family coat of arms is a shield-shaped frame containing a particular design, symbolizing the family's membership of the class that was once permitted to bear arms. The gentry is further divided into knights, esquires, and simple gentlemen. In modern England, apart from the holders of the baronetcy created in the 17th century, there were only a few hundred nobles, who served as members of the House of Lords, but were too small to function as an independent social class. … From 【Title】...Duke and Marquis are based on the continental system and do not date back to the Anglo-Saxon period. English nobility, which carries the honorific lord and is distinguished from the knight class, which carries the title sir, was usually inherited by the eldest son of the family. The name viscount comes from vicecomes, an official who acted for an earl in the early Middle Ages, and in England after the Norman Conquest this name was applied to sheriffs, but this also eventually became a simple title. ... *Some of the terminology that mentions "knight" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…騎乗して戦闘する特有の身分の者。古代ローマにも貴族に準ずる身分として騎士(エクイテスequites)があったが,一般には西欧中世の武士を指し,フランス語のシュバリエchevalier,ドイツ語のリッターRitter,英語のナイトknightの訳語として用いられる。語義的には前2者が騎乗者,後者は侍者の意である。… 【貴族】より…その結果,13世紀以降,多くの地域で貴族の内部に階層分化が進行し,大きな所領をもつ高級貴族とこれに奉仕する下級貴族としての狭義の騎士身分の区別ができあがった。イギリスのナイトknights,フランスのシュバリエchevaliers,ドイツのリッターシャフトRitterschaft,スペインのイダルゴhidalgosなどがこの新しい騎士身分である。また,12,13世紀以来,自治都市が発展すると,市民共同体の内部でも富裕な上層市民の諸門閥が閉鎖的な〈都市貴族〉層を形成した。… 【ジェントルマン】より…家紋は盾の形をした枠組みのなかに特定の図案が収められているもので,その家門がかつて武器をもつことを許された階層に属していたことを象徴する。ジェントリーはさらにナイトknight,エスクワイアesquireと単なるジェントルマンとに区分される。近代のイギリスでは,17世紀に創出された準男爵位の保有者を別にすると,貴族は数百人しかおらず,彼らはそのまま貴族院議員となっていたが,独立の社会層として機能するには小規模にすぎた。… 【爵位】より…デュークとマーキスは,大陸の制度に倣ったもので,アングロ・サクソン時代にはさかのぼらない。 イギリスの爵位貴族nobilityはロードlordの敬称を帯び,サーsirの称号をもつ騎士knight階層から区別されるが,爵位は当該家門の長男によって世襲されるのが常であった。子爵の名は,中世初期に伯の職務を代行した役人vicecomesに由来し,ノルマン・コンクエスト後のイギリスではシェリフにこの名が適用されたが,これもやがて単なる爵位と化した。… ※「knight」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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