īwan (English spelling)

Japanese: īwān（英語表記）iwan

...The basic plan was based on the simple flat-roofed house built in Medina that also served as a prayer hall for the Prophet Muhammad, and was composed of a courtyard surrounded by arcades on three sides and a covered prayer hall. Depending on the region, there are various types, such as the multi-pillar type (Arabic style with a flat roof supported by piers and columns), the four-iwan type (Iranian style with a front-opening hall with a vault in the center of each side facing the courtyard, i.e. an iwan), and the central hall type (Ottoman Turkish style with a large and small dome and a half dome in the center of the large hall). (2) Madrasah A higher education facility for training the ulama. In terms of structure, an iwan used as a classroom and prayer hall is set up in the center of each side facing the courtyard, and private rooms for students to live in are arranged on both the upper and lower floors between them. ...

From [Housing]

...In other words, under the climate conditions of little rain, dry weather, and strong sunlight, the courtyard space served as a ventilation hole for the entire house, and at the same time, it was a place to cool down, blocked from the direct sunlight by the surrounding walls. Ponds and fountains were often built in the courtyard, and halls called iwans that opened onto the courtyard were also built, and the courtyard became an indispensable part of life as a place of relaxation for the residents. Courtyard-type houses were closed off from the outside. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "īwān" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…メディナに建てられた預言者ムハンマドの礼拝堂を兼ねた素朴な陸屋根の住居がモデルとなり，三方をアーケードで囲まれた中庭と有蓋の礼拝堂とからなる構成が，基本的なプランとなった。地域により多柱式(陸屋根をピアや柱で支持するアラブ型)，4イーワーン式(中庭に面する各辺の中央にボールトを架けた前方開放形式のホール，すなわちイーワーンīwānをそれぞれ設けるイラン型)，中央会堂式(大小のドーム，半ドームを大ホールの中心に架構したオスマン･トルコ型)などがある。(2)マドラサ　ウラマー育成の高等教育施設で，構造としては，中庭に面した各辺の中央に，教場や礼拝場として使われるイーワーンを設け，その間に階上･階下ともに学生が起居する個室が配置される。…

【住居】より

…すなわち，雨が少なく乾燥し，日ざしが強いという気候条件の下で，中庭の空間は住居全体の通風口の役割を果たすと同時に，周囲の壁によって直射日光を遮られた涼みの場となる。中庭にはしばしば池や泉亭がつくられ，また中庭に向かって開いたイーワーンīwānと呼ばれるホールが設けられ，中庭は住民の憩いの場として生活に不可欠なものとなっていった。中庭型住居は，外に対しては閉鎖性をもつ。…

※「īwān」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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